<p>The Queens County Farm Museum is located on 47 acre of the New York City neighborhoods of Floral Park and Glen Oaks in Queens. This historic farm occupies the city&#39;s largest remaining tract of undisturbed farmland , and is still a working farm today. The site features restored farm buildings from three different centuries, a greenhouse, planting fields, livestock, and various examples of vintage farm equipment. Queens Farm practices sustainable agriculture and has a four-season growing program.</p><br>
<p>The museum includes the Adriance Farmhouse which is a New York City Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places. Free guided tours of the farmhouse are offered to the public Saturdays and Sundays year-round. Hayrides are offered on weekends (Saturday and Sunday) from April through October. An on-site seasonal farmstand featuring Queens Farm vegetables, herbs, and flowers takes place every Wednesday through Sunday (11am-3pm, Wed -Fri; 11am-5pm, Sat & Sun) from May through October.</p><br>
<h2>Cornell Farmhouse</h2><br>
<p>The Cornell Farmhouse was built in 1750 with Dutch and English architectural features. The Farmhouse is also known as the Creedmoor Farmhouse Complex or the Adriance Farmhouse. It is part of the museum and is owned and operated by the New York City Department of Parks.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a New York City Landmark in 1976, and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farm was privately owned by a Dutch family, the Adriances, from 1697 to 1808. Their three-room farmhouse, built in 1772, has been restored and still stands. After 1808, a series of families owned the farm as it continued to evolve from a colonial homestead to a modern "truck farming" or market gardening business. Under its last private farmer, Daniel Stattel, it became, by 1900, "the second largest in size in Queens County and the highest in dollar value...assessed at 32,000 dollars." In 1926, the Stattels sold the farm to real estate investor Pauline Reisman, who, in turn, later that year sold it to Creedmoor State Hospital, which used it for occupational therapy, to stock its kitchen, and to grow ornamental plants for the rest of the hospital campus. In 1975, state legislation authored by Frank Padavan transferred ownership of the farm from the hospital to the New York City Department of Parks, for the purpose of starting a museum.</p><br>
<p>Ansley Park is an affluent residential neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia, located just east of Midtown and west of Piedmont Park. When developed in 1905-1908, it was the first Atlanta suburban neighborhood designed for automobiles, featuring wide, winding roads rather than the grid pattern typical of older streetcar suburbs. Streets were planned like parkways with extensive landscaping, while Winn Park and McClatchey Park are themselves long and narrow, extending deep into the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Ansley Golf Club borders the district. The neighborhood was largely completed by 1930 and covers 275 acre. It has been designated a Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2008, the median household income for the neighborhood was $226,335. To the immediate east of the golf course is the Eastside Trail interim hiking trail, part of the BeltLine ring of parks and trails around the central city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was developed by rail and real estate magnate Edwin P. Ansley, while George W. Adair, Jr. and Forrest Adair marketed the lots. It was marketed as an alternative for the citys elite to Inman Park, the most fashionable residential neighborhood in the city at the time. It was more fashionably located, astride Peachtree Street and adjacent to the citys largest public park. With Edwin Ansleys former residence serving as the governors mansion and the Piedmont Driving Club adjacent, the area remained upscale until the 1960s when a slight decline was experienced with some residences turning into boarding houses. However, residents turned this decline around and the area never experienced the deep decline in the 1950s-1960s due to suburbanization, as neighborhoods like Inman Park did.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Contributing properties in the Historic District include:</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Ansley Park residents are zoned to schools in the Atlanta Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>Zoned schools include:</p><br>
<p>Morningside Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Inman Middle School</p><br>
<p>Henry W. Grady High School</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Charles Brewer, founder of MindSpring</p><br>
<p>Tom Gugliotta, former NBA player</p><br>
<p>Al Horford, member of the Atlanta Hawks, and wife Amelia Vega, former Miss Universe</p><br>
<p>Lonnie Johnson, inventor of the Super Soaker</p><br>
<p>Wes Moss, investment strategist and radio/talk show host</p><br>
<p>Hannah Salwen and Kevin Salwen, authors of The Power of Half</p><br>
<p>Balnagown Castle is located beside the village of Kildary in Easter Ross, part of the Highland area of Scotland. There has been a castle on the site since the 14th century, although the present building was remodelled in the 18th and 19th centuries. Balnagown is the ancestral home of the Chiefs of Clan Ross, although since the 1970s it has been owned by the Egyptian-born businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed. The castle is protected as a category B listed building,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 14th century, a castle was begun at Balnagown by Hugh, Mormaer (Earl) of Ross. Hugh was husband of Maud, sister of King Robert the Bruce, although after Hugh&#39;s death in 1333, his family lost royal favour and their lands were forfeit. Balnagown was acquired by a stepson of Hugh in 1375 who expanded the estate, a process which continued over the following centuries. In 1585 Alexander Ross, 9th laird of Balnagown, was outlawed, as was his son George.</p><br>
<p>During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, David Ross, 12th of Balnagown, fought for King Charles II at the Battle of Worcester (1651), although he was captured and died in the Tower of London. The 13th laird, another David, married Anne, daughter of James Stuart, 4th Earl of Moray, in 1666. David and Anne rebuilt Balnagown, as attested by a datestone of 1672 on the castle, although they left no heir, and the estate passed to the Rosses of Halkhead in 1711.</p><br>
<p>In 1754 Balnagown passed to another branch of the family, when it was inherited by Admiral Sir John Lockhart-Ross, 6th Baronet. The admiral spent much time and money improving the Balnagown estate, becoming "the most efficient and enterprising Highland estate manager of his day." His son and heir Sir Charles Lockhart-Ross consulted James Gillespie Graham on Gothic Revival style alterations to the castle, and Italian gardens were laid out. Sir Charles Ross, 9th Baronet, inherited in 1911. He continued the tradition of agricultural improvement, introducing the silo and the combine harvester to the estate. He also invented the Ross rifle, which he had manufactured in Canada. To prevent the seizure of Balnagown by the Inland Revenue, Ross had the estate declared a ward of the court of Delaware, and he was subsequently unable to return to Britain for fear of imprisonment. From his death in 1942, until 1972, the castle was unoccupied and became dilapidated. In 1972, it was purchased by Mohamed Al-Fayed, who began restoration of the house and grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Watervale Historic District is a resort, originally constructed as a lumber camp, located at 975-1422 Watervale Road on the shore of Lower Herring Lake in Blaine Township, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1991 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Leo F. Hale began a logging and shipping operation in this area in the early 1890s. In 1893, Hale, along with William and Mary Vincent, platted out the village of Watervale on the south shore of Lower Herring Lake. They built about 20 houses, many of which were shacks. There were, however, at least eight painted frame houses. The village also contained a meat market, general store, and post office.</p><br>
<p>As the logging boom waned, Hale went bankrupt, and by 1900 had lost most of Watervale; it was eventually nearly abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Watervale Historic District contains 16 buildings constructed between 1892 and 1927 sited along Watervale Road. The buildings include the former general store, a former boarding house now used as an inn, an assortment one- and two-story clapboard-covered houses and several early 20th century cottages.</p><br>
<p>The Großer Feldberg  is, at a height of 879.5 metres, the highest elevation of the Taunus mountains, and of the entire Rhenish Massif. It is situated in the Hochtaunuskreis district in Hessen, Germany.</p><br>
<p>The Feldberg/Taunus transmitter mast is set at the top of the mountain. A lookout tower affords long-distance views onto the Taunus hills to the North and West and over and beyond the Rhein-Main plain to the South and East. A restaurant and a small hut offer food and drinks.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is accompanied by the Kleiner Feldberg, a subsidiary of 825 m at a distance of 1.3 km to the south-west, and the 798-metres-high Altkönig, 2.3 km to the south-east.</p><br>
<h2>Height</h2><br>
<p>There is a considerable uncertainty on the exact height of the Großer Feldberg, because the height given in the various sources varies up to several metres.</p><br>
<p>At the summit is the Feldberg summit cross including the summit register and information board, giving a height of 879.5 metres.</p><br>
<p>The Geoportal of the Hessian State Office for Regional Management and Geo-information (Hessische Landesamt für Bodenmanagement und Geoinformation), gives the following heights in its online maps: 878 m on the H200 map of Hesse, 879 m on the PG50 and PG25 graphical maps and 878.5 m on the TK25 topographic map.</p><br>
<p>The Geoportal of the BfN gives the following heights in its online maps: 880 m at map scale 1:500,000, 879 m at 1:250,000, 1:100,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000, and 878.5 m at 1:10,000 and 1:5,000.</p><br>
<p>Laser scanning data results to a height of 880.9 m.</p><br>
<p>In literature, even more heights are given, such as 881.5 m.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The treeless summit of the Großer Feldberg and the surrounding forests are a popular destination for motorbikers and cyclists in the summer, tobogganers and cross-country skiers in winter, and hikers year-round. Two small rope tow ski lifts are located on the North and West slopes of the mountain at the village of Oberreifenberg, and a larger ski lift used to extend up the North slope almost to the summit until the 1980s. The former lift track is popular with tobogganers.</p><br>
<p>The summit is easily reached from Frankfurt in approximately 30 minutes via roads from Oberursel, Königstein or by bus from these towns.</p><br>
<p>Since the top can be easily reached by car, crowds and a lack of parking spaces near the top are a common sight on weekends in fine weather.</p><br>
<p>Romula or Malva was an ancient city in Roman Dacia, later the village of Reşca, Dobrosloveni Commune, Olt County, Romania. It was the capital of Dacia Malvensis, one of the three subdivisions of the province of Dacia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>VII Claudia</p><br>
<p>XXII Primigenia</p><br>
<p>Acidava</p><br>
<p>Castra Nova</p><br>
<p>Pelendava</p><br>
<p>Sucidava</p><br>
<p>(Crâmpoia)</p><br>
<p>(Slăveni)</p><br>
<p>The Roman city of Romula lay on an earlier Dacian settlement called Malva. It received the title of municipium during the rule of Hadrian (117-138) and the title of colonia during that of Septimius Severus (193-211).</p><br>
<p>The city had two belts of fortifications and two castra, in which were temporarily located units of the Legiones VII Claudia and XXII Primigenia and permanent a unit (numerus) of Syrian archers.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Normal School, also known as the Lincoln School was a historic African American school in Marion, Alabama. Its roots went back to a Union soldier who remained in Marion after the end of the Civil War to teach newly freed African Americans. His efforts proved successful and in 1867 the school was incorporated with the support of African Americans from the surrounding Perry County. Founded less than two years after the end of the Civil War as the Lincoln Normal School in Marion, Alabama, it is one of the oldest HBCUs in the United States. Nine ex-slaves, Joey Pinch, Thomas Speed, Nickolas Dale, James Childs, Thomas Lee, John Freeman, Nathan Levert, David Harris, and Alexander H. Curtis, made up the first Board of Trustees. Under their guidance, the black and white community of Marion raised five hundred dollars to buy land for the school’s campus. The money to build the school building came from the American Missionary Association .</p><br>
<p>In 1868, school trustees sought the assistance of the American Missionary Association (AMA) for help with day-to-day operation of the school. The AMA supplied teachers and financial support.</p><br>
<h2>Teacher Training</h2><br>
<p>In 1870, the school expanded to include teacher training and for a time became known as the Lincoln Normal University for Teachers. The program primarily focused on training African American high school graduates to become teachers. In 1885, Lincoln School was voted the top school for freed slaves in the south. On July 26, 1878, William Burns Paterson left Tullibody Academy to accept the Presidency of the State Normal School and University for Colored Students and Teachers in Marion, Alabama. In 1887 fire destroyed many of the campus buildings. As a result, the teacher training function was relocated to Montgomery where it became Alabama State University.</p><br>
<h2>Faculty</h2><br>
<p>The school was led by several principals, most notably Miss Mary Elizabeth Phillips. During her tenure from 1896 to 1927 both the campus and student body expanded. In 1939, alumni and friends constructed Phillips Memorial Auditorium in her honor.</p><br>
<p>Other notable faculty included Cecil and Fran Thomas who were instrumental in establishing a choral program at the school. Under their direction, choirs from the school toured across the Southeast and Midwest.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy and Reputation</h2><br>
<p>Lincoln School became well known for graduating a high proportion of students who went on to attain advanced degrees, a remarkable achievement for any school but more particularly for a segregated high school in rural Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1970, when it was consolidated with the newly built and racially integrated Marion High School. One of the few buildings remaining on the campus site is the Phillips Memorial Auditorium, now on the National Register of Historic Places and the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage. The Lincoln High School Gymnasium was also added to the Alabama Register on February 29, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Coretta Scott King, civil rights activist and wife of Martin Luther King, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Edythe Scott Bagley, educator, and civil rights activist</p><br>
<p>William R. Pettiford, Birmingham minister and banker</p><br>
<p>Jean Childs, wife of civil rights activist Andrew Young</p><br>
<p>Odith Thelma Patton, mother of Bishop T. D. Jakes</p><br>
<p>Sand Mountain is a singing sand dune 20 mi east of Fallon, Nevada along USA Route 50. The dune is two miles long and 600 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The sand originates from the ancient Lake Lahontan, that for the most part dried up 9,000 years ago. Sand Mountain Recreation Area is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and is open to off-highway vehicle use. The area is also the only home of the "critically imperiled" Sand Mountain blue butterfly. The ruins of the Sand Springs Station of the Pony Express are also located within the recreation area.</p><br>
<p>Camp only in designated areas.</p><br>
<p>8 ft whip flags are required on all vehicles riding in the dunes.</p><br>
<p>Do not burn wood containing nails, screws or other metal hardware.</p><br>
<p>Burning tires is prohibited.</p><br>
<p>Speed limit is 15 mph in camping areas.</p><br>
<p>Possession or use of any glass cup or bottle is not allowed.</p><br>
<p>Users must pay an area fee of $90 per year or $40 per week collected by the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>Avoid riding in areas closed to motor vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church Cathedral, built in 1916 to replace the earlier 1874 building, is the Episcopal cathedral in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. It is the mother church for the Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire, the see of which is located in Eau Claire. The cathedral and parish house were added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The chancel and the parish house were designed by Minnesota architects Purcell, Feick and Elmslie in 1909. The nave of the church was designed by Purcell and Elmslie six years later. Their designs reflect reflect their "use of English antecedents."</p><br>
<p>The cathedral has stained glass windows that a church pamphlet describes as among some of the finest in the country in richness and ecclesiastical style. Six windows were designed by Heaton, Butler, and Bayne of London; others were supplied by Wippell Company of Exeter, England.</p><br>
<p>The parish house is a two-and-a-half-story stone and stucco building.</p><br>
<p>Also designed by Purcell and Elmslie is the Community House, First Congregational Church, also in Eau Claire, also listed on the National Register (in 1974).</p><br>
<p>Bonny Island is situated at the southern edge of Rivers State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria near Port Harcourt. Ferries are the main form of transport to and from the island. The local language spoken in Bonny Island and Bonny Town is Ibani, though many natives also speak the Igbo language.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean facing the Bight of Bonny sits the island of Bonny. This serene community has several historical and economic symbolism for the Nigerian federation.</p><br>
<p>Bonny Island or Grand Bonny Island was founded by Priest and Premier King (Monarch) Alagbariye (also known and referred to as “Kala-beni”, Alagbariya, Alaigbariya, Alagbaria, Alagbarie, Alagbariagha and Alagbarigha). Alagbariye (known in Bonny tradition as "Amakoromabo", meaning "founder", and his brothers, Opuamakuba and Asimini were the leaders of the founding group of Bonny Island Kingdom (otherwise known as Grand Bonny Kingdom). The virgin lands and territories of the Island Kingdom was founded about or before 1,000AD.</p><br>
<p>The founding group of the Island Kingdom from the Ebeni-toru area, precisely from Isedani Lineage of Kolokuma, in the present-day Kolokuma/Opokuma Local Government Area of Bayelsa State (in Ancestral Ijawland in the Central Niger Delta), was led by three direct blood descendants of Ebeni. These are Opuamakuba, Alagbariye and Asimini. From these leaders and the entire founding generation of the Kingdom evolved the lineage/ward/house system of governance, as a result of which the welfarist institution of traditional rulership of the Kingdom came into place, with the exalted position of “Amanyanabo”, Monarch/King, meaning “owner of the land”; and the position of “Amadapu”, meaning component/subordinate traditional rulers of the Kingdom. The High-Priest of the Kingdom ruled the Kingdom with the “Amanyanabo”, and “Amadapu”.</p><br>
<p>Bonny Island Kingdom has Five Duawaris (ruling Houses of the Ancestors, Founding and Aboriginal Royal Houses), representing the Founding Generation (i.e., Ancient Landmarks) of the Kingdom. These are namely (i) Bristol-Alagbarigha Royal House (Founder of Grand Bonny & Founding House of Grand Bonny Kingdom), (ii) King Halliday-Awusa Royal House (Founding House of Grand Bonny Kingdom), (iii) Dublin Green House (Lala, Ebie, Prince Asimini-Oruakpa Lineage - Founding House of Grand Bonny Kingdom), (iv) Prince Oruasawo Tolofari Royal House (Kumaluya-Ndende Omuigbem Lineage – Founding House of Grand Bonny Kingdom), and (v) Buoye-Omuso (Brown) Major House (Kongo Lineage – Founder of Ikpakpayo/Finima & Founding House of Grand Bonny Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>Bonny Island was the melting point of economic activities right from the 15th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese on the Island, at which time the Island Kingdom established good relations with the Portuguese such that it sent its first Ambassador (Aboriginal Prince Abagy) to Portugal, about 1450AD. In the 19th Century AD, Bonny Island also served as Christianity’s first port of call in West Africa. It was also home to many illustrious sons and daughters of Nigeria. With a thriving traditional system and robust cultural heritage it stands out as one of the foremost local communities in Nigeria. Her traditional institution is headed by Edward William-Dappa Pepple who serves as natural ruler and Amanyanabo-in-Council and ably assisted by a Council of Chiefs headed by Reginald Abbey-Hart who is also chief and head of Captain Hart major house. Her political leadership currently rests on the shoulders of Nelson Ben Irimagha who bears the traditional title of Amasenibo.</p><br>
<p>The community is subdivided into two main segments – the mainland and the hinterland. The mainland comprises Bonny Island and its segments, namely the Main Island (Township), Sandfield, Iwoama, Orosikiri, Aganya, Ayambo, Akiama, Workers Camp, and some outlying fishing settlements lying along the Bonny River’s coastline. Finima is an aboriginal community situated along Bonny Island. The hinterland includes the village communities that serve as home to natives of Bonny kingdom.</p><br>
<p>Presently, the Island Kingdom of Bonny has thirty five chieftaincy houses. These are fourteen major chieftaincy houses (five among which are Duawaris); twenty minor chieftaincy houses; and then the George Pepple&#39;s lineage of the Perekule royal house that has recently been producing Kings of the Kingdom. The ancestry of the Perekule royal house may be traced to the Duawaris as founding groups of the Ancient Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>It is the founding generation of the Ancient Kingdom of Grand Bonny that established the Kingdom&#39;s civilisation and Commonwealth from which all the chieftaincy houses and people of the Kingdom are inheriting.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1990s the Federal Government of Nigeria, in collaboration with 3 international partners, Shell Gas BV., CLEAG Limited and AGIP International BV. started the multibillion-dollar project Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Limited (Nigeria LNG). Due to its strategic position, Bonny Island, particularly the Finima community area along Bonny Island, is hosting various multinational oil companies including Royal Dutch Shell, Mobil, Chevron, Agip, and Elf.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Public and private secondary schools on the island includes:</p><br>
<p>Bonny National Grammar School</p><br>
<p>Spring Foundation Group of Schools</p><br>
<p>St.Paul&#39;s Comprehensive College</p><br>
<p>Government Girls Secondary School</p><br>
<p>Community Secondary School</p><br>
<p>Lucille Education Center</p><br>
<p>Kingdom Heritage</p><br>
<p>Finima Girls Seconday School</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>Bonny Island-Finima is surrounded on the west and south by long stretches of beaches. The beautiful beaches attract tourists and fun seeking inhabitants alike on sunny days and festive periods like Christmas and Easter. On 26 and 31 December of every year, thousands of people visit the Finima beaches for beach carnivals.</p><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School is a heritage-listed former school at 158 James Street, South Toowoomba Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 2013.</p><br>
<p>Toowoomaba South is one of the oldest primary schools in Queensland. It is the oldest State School in Toowoomba (although nearby Drayton State School is older). It was first opened in 1865, as school number 112. Initially the school was co-educational. It was closed in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School was established as Toowoomba National School in 1865 on a large site in what was then the civic centre of Toowoomba. Over time it has acquired a number of buildings and landscape elements, including a playshed (1884), an open-air annexe (1913), a main, three-storey brick building (1941), a timber building called the Oslo Lunch Room (1945), a concrete, brick and timber classroom wing called the Wadley Wing (1959), and mature trees. It has been an important place of education since its establishment and a social and cultural focus for students, parents, teachers and members of the Toowoomba community.</p><br>
<p>European settlement of the Toowoomba area, traditional country of the Giabal and Jarowair people, commenced in 1840 when squatters first occupied pastoral runs on the Darling Downs. Near the boundaries of Westbrook, Gowrie and Eton Vale runs and at the junction of two routes to Gormans and Hodgsons gaps through the Main Range, the small settlement of Drayton (originally known as "The Springs") evolved from 1842 as a stopping place servicing pastoralists and travellers. From the late 1840s, the Drayton Swamp Agricultural Area ("The Swamp" now Toowoomba), six kilometres to the north-east, began to be considered a more desirable location for settlement. Better land for market gardening, improved water supply, the support of squatters and land speculators, and, from 1855, a better route to Brisbane (the Toll Bar Road), were all advantages over Drayton.</p><br>
<p>In September 1853 a government survey reserved two blocks of land in Toowoomba for important civic functions. The blocks were bound by Ruthven, Lawrence, Hume and James streets, bisected by Neil Street. The reserves were for the Toowoomba Benevolent Asylum (later hospital), Roman Catholic and Presbyterian churches and schools, Toowoomba Town Hall, a market reserve and a National School on the corner of Lawrence and Ruthven streets. The allocation of land for these purposes in this area occurred because James Street was developing as the main commercial street, the route used by people travelling to Ipswich or south and west.</p><br>
<p>The site was reserved for a National School in Toowoomba is the present-day site at the rear of the existing campus now occupied by the Toowoomba South State School Hall, and the basketball and tennis courts (the corner of Lawrence and Ruthven Streets). The site of the current buildings was the hospital.</p><br>
<p>The name "Toowoomba" had gradually taken over from "The Swamp" by 1857 and the settlement continued to expand. At the time of its incorporation into a municipality (the Borough of Toowoomba) in November 1860, Toowoomba was on the way to supplanting Drayton as the principal service centre for the upper Darling Downs. Prior to 1859, Toowoomba&#39;s population was around 1500. Five years later this figure had doubled. The rapid economic and social development of Toowoomba in the 1860s was influenced by local residents who strongly promoted the prospects of the town, and political representatives who successfully lobbied for government funding for civic improvements. By 1861 local residents were agitating for the establishment of a government school.</p><br>
<p>Colonial governments played an important role in the provision of formal education. In 1848 (before the separation of Queensland in 1859) the New South Wales Government established National Schools. This was continued by the Queensland Government after the colony&#39;s creation in 1859. The Education Act 1860 established the Queensland Board of General Education and began to standardise curriculum, teacher training and facilities. The Education Act 1875 provided a number of key initiatives for primary education; it was to be free, compulsory and secular. The Department of Public Instruction was established to administer the Act. This move standardised the provision of education and, despite difficulties, colonial educators achieved a remarkable feat in bringing basic literacy to most Queensland children by 1900.</p><br>
<p>The provision of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early Queensland communities. The formal education of Queensland children was seen as integral to the success of a town, the colony and the nation. Land and construction labour was often donated by the local people and schools frequently became a major focus within the community as a place symbolising progress, for social interaction, and as a source of pride. Also, the development and maintenance of schools frequently involved donations and work by teachers, parents, and pupils. Because of their significant connections with the local community, schools have occasionally incorporated other socially important elements such as war memorials and halls used for community purposes. They also typically retain a significant enduring connection with former pupils, their parents, and teachers. Social events involving a wide portion of the local community have often been held at schools, utilising the buildings and grounds - such as fetes, markets, public holiday celebrations, school break-up days, fundraisers, sporting events, reunions, and dances.</p><br>
<p>As in other Australian colonies, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. This helped to ensure consistency and economy. The standard designs were continually refined by government architects in response to changing needs and educational philosophy. Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in their approach to climate control, lighting and ventilation. Until the 1960s school buildings were predominantly timber-framed, taking advantage of the materials abundance in the state and the high number of builders skilled in its use. This also allowed for easy and economical construction and enabled the government to provide facilities in remote areas. Due to the standardisation of facilities, schools across the state were developed in distinctly similar ways and became complexes of typical components. These components included: the teaching building/s, the school yard, the horse paddock which was often later configured into a sports oval, the teachers residence, and a variety of features such as sporting facilities or play equipment, shade structures, gardens and trees.</p><br>
<p>While the school site had been reserved in 1853, it was continued lobbying a decade later that led to the opening of the Toowoombas first state-run primary school. In August 1863, the Courier reported "great exertions" being made towards the establishment of a National School for Toowoomba. By the end of the year the "Local Patrons", the committee advocating for the school, were advised the Board of Education was intending to call immediately for tenders for the erection of a brick school at a cost of £300. On behalf of the town, the local patrons guaranteed the supply of £100 towards the schools construction.</p><br>
<p>On 25 January 1864 the Chairman of the Board of Education, Arthur Macalister, laid the foundation stone for the school. Construction of the school, designed by architect Benjamin Backhouse and built by Mr Young, continued through 1864, a year when other important buildings for Toowoomba, including the Post Office and the Hospital, were in progress or completed.</p><br>
<p>The Toowoomba National School opened on 22 January 1865 on the school reserve, with James Hodgson appointed the first Head Teacher. As pupil attendance increased, the initial building soon became inadequate. Construction of a new building on the site to accommodate female and infant students was complete by October 1869. The school was remade into two separate departments, renamed Toowoomba South Boys State School and Toowoomba South Girls and Infants State School. The Girls and Infants&#39; school began with 98 pupils enrolled with Mary Jane Roulston as the first Head Teacher.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, the school was separated into the Toowoomba South Boys School (number 109) and the Toowoomba South Girls School (number 112). This led to there being two campuses the original on Ruthven Street being the Girls School, the other one block northeast on Neil Street the new Boys School campus (adjacent to the Market Reserve (now Groom Park)). The two schools were separated by Neil Street and St Patrick&#39;s Church (Catholic). In 1878, the girls school became known as the Toowoomba Middle Girls State School and the Infants School was opened as Toowoomba Middle Infants (number 399).</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s Toowoomba consolidated its status as the main urban centre of the Darling Downs. The arrival of the Main Line railway in 1867 secured the towns development and subsequently made it the hub for the Southern and Western railways. The economy diversified to include numerous small-scale manufacturing outlets, while the majority of administrative, service and other government and education functions for the surrounding region were centred on the town. Toowoombas progress was reflected in improvements to the physical environment. Important capital works were commenced or completed including the draining of the swamps, improved water supply, gasworks for lighting, extensive tree plantings and the initial development of Queen&#39;s Park. Earlier temporary structures were increasingly replaced with more permanent and impressive buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 the hospital adjacent to the school was vacated after a new hospital was built on the outskirts of the town. The school expanded to incorporate the hospital site and occupied the two newly-vacant hospital buildings; the boys occupied the former mens ward and the girls and infants occupied the former womens ward.</p><br>
<p>A playshed was constructed to the rear of the former hospital buildings in January 1884. Playsheds were free-standing shelters that provided covered play space and were often used for unofficial teaching space when needed. They were timber-framed structures, generally open on all sides although were sometimes partially enclosed with timber boards or corrugated galvanised iron sheets. The hipped (or less frequently, gabled) roofs were clad with timber shingles or corrugated iron and they had an earth or decomposed granite floor. Fixed timber seating ran between the perimeter posts. Playsheds were a typical addition to state schools across Queensland between s and the 1950s. They were built to standard designs that ranged in size relative to student numbers. School sites were typically cleared of all vegetation and the provision of all-weather outdoor space was needed. After school buildings were high-set, allowing students to play in the understorey and playsheds were not frequently constructed. The playshed at Toowoomba was built to a standard design. The construction plans show it was 30ft x 20ft (9.1m x 6.1m) with a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron sheets, generous eaves, and supported on 10 timber posts. It had timber perimeter seating and the floor was gravel (altered to asphalt in 1885). The playshed is the oldest structure on the school site.</p><br>
<p>By the 1890s a well-developed area in the northern area near the railway station centred on Russell Street had emerged as the commercial centre of Toowoomba, while government activities centred on Margaret Street, in the vicinity of the court house. The James Street area was considered to be the fringe. Toowoombas municipal council had built a new town hall in 1880 but by 1898 had decided to relocate the town hall to a more central location on Ruthven Street, with the new Toowoomba City Hall completed in 1900. The former town hall site became available for redevelopment and was purchased by the Queensland Government. In 1906 the girls and infants moved to a new school building on the nearby site of the former town hall. By this time there were 300 pupils enrolled at the school. The former womens hospital ward was condemned and demolished. Other school buildings were demolished or removed leaving the western side of the school site empty. This land was subdivided into many small allotments and sold.</p><br>
<p>By 1938 it was decided the two Toowoomba South schools would swap sites. According to the schools centenary booklet, increasing attendances and limited playground space for the boys were both factors in this decision. The move to the girls and infants site meant the boys could access the large playing field of Groom Park behind the school. In December 1939 the Executive Council authorised the demolition of the boys school (the "obsolescent" former mens hospital ward), and the construction of a new brick building for the girls and infants&#39; school.</p><br>
<p>Plans had been drawn for a substantial, three-storey brick building in December 1938 by Department of Public Works architect Gilbert Robert Beveridge. It was one of an important group of brick school buildings built during and after the Great Depression, initially as part of the government&#39;s unemployment relief program. Unemployment relief projects at schools, in the form of grounds improvement works, were undertaken by the previous Country and Progressive National Party government (1929-1932) led by Premier Arthur Moore. The relief work program expanded considerably in 1932 when newly elected Labor Premier William Forgan-Smith instituted a capital works program focussed on building modern infrastructure to provide relief work for unemployed Queenslanders. The "improvement" of schools was a primary aspect of the scheme. Large new buildings at Toowoomba East State School (1936) and Toowoomba North State School (1937) were constructed during this time. The relief work program ended in 1938, transitioning into a permanent, long-term, capital works program. In accordance with government policy, the Department of Public Works maintained the use of day labour for building projects.</p><br>
<p>Until the 1960s, purpose-built brick government schools were far less common than those of timber. If brick was employed, it was usually only in prosperous urban or suburban areas with stable or rapidly-increasing populations. Earlier government brick school buildings were individually designed with variations in style, size, and form, similar to Queensland&#39;s private schools, technical colleges and Schools of Arts. They were given comparatively generous budgets, resulting in impressive edifices. Light and ventilation was still a primary concern for the architects but compared to contemporary timber education buildings, these buildings had a grander character and greater landmark attributes.</p><br>
<p>The pattern of brick school buildings in prosperous or rising suburban areas continued during the 1930s relief work scheme, in greater numbers and as a more recognisable type. The Queensland Public Works Department and Department of Public Instruction were extremely enthusiastic about the brick school buildings designed in the 1930s. They were considered monuments to progress, embodying the most modern principles of the ideal education environment.</p><br>
<p>The 1930s brick school buildings exhibited many common characteristics. Frequently, they were two storeys above an open understorey and built to accommodate up to 1000 students. They adopted a symmetrical plan form and exhibited neo-classical stylistic elements and a prominent central entry. They were able to be built in stages if necessary. The plan arrangement was similar to that of timber buildings being only one classroom deep, accessed by a long straight verandah. Ideally, the classrooms would face south with the verandah on the north but little concession was made for this in practice and almost all brick school buildings faced the primary boundary road, regardless of orientation. Classrooms were commonly divided by folding timber partitions and the undercroft was used as covered play space, storage, ablutions and other functions.</p><br>
<p>The brick school building for Toowoomba South Girls and Infants State School was prominently sited, fronting James Street, and was typical of its type. It was a three-storey symmetrical building comprising an understorey at ground level that accommodated open play space and ablutions, and two upper levels that accommodated 11 classrooms, teachers&#39; rooms, and generous hat and cloak rooms. All but one of the classrooms faced south.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the brick building had begun by March 1940. It was nearing completion in early 1941 when alterations were made to accommodate infant classes; a partition was removed to combine a teacher&#39;s room and classroom on the second floor. This also involved rearrangement of the corridor windows and the blocking up of a western window.</p><br>
<p>The building was one of the Department of Public Works&#39; major construction projects of 1940. Other important buildings constructed at this time include the Innisfail Courthouse, Brisbane Dental Hospital and College and the Maryborough Courthouse. The volume of work for state schools in the year ending June 1940 was high, with 11 new schools completed and additions made to 30 schools, as well as the remodelling of others.</p><br>
<p>The Girls and Infants School and Opportunity School pupils moved to the new school site on 17 March 1941, while work was still being completed. The building was officially opened 21 June 1941 by Minister for Public Instruction, Henry Bruce. It cost £16,500, accommodated 480 students and was constructed using day labour.</p><br>
<p>Behind the new brick building was positioned an older building that had been relocated from the former girls and infants school site and was ready for occupation in 1941. This building was an Open-air annexe, the first of its type built in Queensland. It had been opened 29 November 1913 by Under-Secretary for Education, John Douglas Story.</p><br>
<p>Open-air annexes were introduced as a standard design in 1913 by the Department of Public Instruction. This design was developed in response to contemporary medical thought related to the need for adequate ventilation and high levels of natural light for health, coupled with the need to build cheap, portable schools. Dr Eleanor Bourne had been appointed the first Medical Inspector of Schools in 1911 and under her instruction the relationship between classroom environment and child health was given prominence. Accordingly, school architecture evolved through iteration and experimentation to improve interior light and ventilation. The open-air annexe type achieved maximum ventilation and natural light; it contained only one large room and had only one wall, the western verandah wall. The other sides were open with only adjustable canvas blinds for enclosure. Ideally, they would be high-set, thereby increasing the ventilation and providing further shelter underneath. The design was praised by educationalists as conducive to the health of pupils.</p><br>
<p>On its original site, the open-air annexe was used for infants&#39; classes. It was a high-set, timber-framed building with a gable roof and comprised one large room 22ft x 44ft (6.7m x 13.4m). It had a west-facing verandah that was semi-enclosed at both ends to form hat rooms. As per the standard design, the classroom had only one wall (the western verandah wall) and the other sides were open and had adjustable canvas blinds.</p><br>
<p>Open-air annexes proved to be inadequate and were discontinued in 1923, although many had been constructed across Queensland in 10 years. The open sides provided limited weather protection, better climate control was needed, and the canvas blinds deteriorated quickly. All open-air annexes in Queensland were modified to provide better enclosure. By 1929 the open-air annexe at Toowoomba was enclosed; the blinds were replaced with casement windows. A small, semi-detached extension with a hipped roof was added to the centre of the western verandah accommodating a teacher&#39;s room at the classroom level and a store room underneath. In 1930 the western verandah was enclosed with sliding sashes and the balustrade was replaced by cement sheet. After its enclosure, minimal alterations of the open-air annexe at Toowoomba were made over time.</p><br>
<p>When the open-air annexe was relocated behind the new brick building, it was positioned so the verandah faced north. In 1952, improvements were made to the lighting and ventilation of the classroom by adding soffit vents and single hung sash windows into the verandah wall.</p><br>
<p>After relocation, the open-air annexe was used for opportunity classes. Opportunity schools (initially called Backward Classes) had been established in 1923 by the Department of Public Instruction in seven Queensland schools, one of which was Toowoomba South Girls and Infants State School. The previous year, Minister for Education, John Huxham, said he knew of only one teacher in the state who was interested in and suitable for this form of special education; Head Teacher of Toowoomba South Girls and Infants State School, Mary Deacon.</p><br>
<p>Opportunity classes were designed to accelerate students with learning difficulties and to teach disabled children vocational skills. The provision of special state education for struggling and disabled students was prompted by community agitation and was part of the wider social, medical and educational modernising reforms of the 1920s. State-funded special education began in Queensland in 1893 when government subsidy was provided to a benevolent training centre in Brisbane that taught blind and deaf children. However, it took until 1923 and the drive of District Inspector William Bevington before children with intellectual and emotional problems and other physical disabilities were included in state education programs. The establishment of special education was an important step in providing an inclusive state education system.</p><br>
<p>On 25 January 1960 the Toowoomba Opportunity (later Special) School moved off-site into purpose-designed premises. The open-air annexe was then used by the school for various ancillary teaching space, including music and film classes, and a library.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Instruction was largely unprepared for the enormous demand for state education that began in the late 1940s and continued well into the 1960s. This was a nationwide occurrence resulting from the unprecedented population growth, now commonly referred to as the "baby boomers". Queensland schools were overcrowded and to cope; many new buildings were constructed and existing buildings were extended.</p><br>
<p>After 1945, Toowoomba continued the steady growth that had largely characterised its first century of development. The citys estimated population in mid-1953 was 40,000, a rapid expansion from the 1947 census figure of 35,194. Primary and secondary industries expanded, tourist numbers grew, and construction projects provided a boom for the local building industry. In 1954 alone, over £2,000,000 worth of projects were undertaken including new dwellings, commercial buildings, and other expansion projects. The growth of Toowoomba was reflected at the Toowoomba South Girls and Infants&#39; State School by increased enrolments and building additions to the school. At the time of the transfer of Grade 8 students to high school at the end of 1963, there were around 700 pupils at the school.</p><br>
<p>A building was constructed at Toowoomba South Girls and Infants State School in 1945 using money granted to the school by the Commonwealth Government. This money was granted to all schools in 1945 to commemorate the end of World War II and the amount was based on enrolment numbers. A meeting of mothers convened by head teacher, Aileen Wadley, had decided the funds would be used to establish the "Oslo Lunch Room", a tuckshop offering healthy lunches (based on the Norwegian nutritious lunch movement) that would be "a permanent benefit to the children of the school". The building was a standard, temporary building designed by the Department of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>Temporary buildings were constructed at the Girls and Infants school between 1943 and 1951. This standard type was introduced as an expedient, temporary solution to the exceptional growth in student numbers during World War II and the immediate post-war period when skilled labour was scarce and materials were in short supply. They were small timber buildings, low-set on concrete piers and had skillion or gabled roofs clad with corrugated metal sheets. External walls were clad with vertical tongue and groove timber boards and the rear wall had casements with operable fanlights sheltered by a simple hood. Accessed from a verandah, the type comprised two interconnected classrooms 21ft x 18ft (6.4m x 5.4m), which was consistent with the department&#39;s ideal dimensions of the time. The design, materials and form were a departure from earlier types; they did not influence subsequent designs, and only a small number of temporary buildings were constructed.</p><br>
<p>Drawings for the construction of the Oslo Lunch Room show that it was a timber-framed and -clad building with a skillion roof and accommodated two interconnected rooms. It was positioned to the west of the open-air annexe and to the south of the playshed. The building was oriented so the verandah faced north and the windows of the rooms faced south. The Oslo Lunch Room opened in 1946.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 a three-storey extension was added to the rear of the 1941 brick building providing a further two classrooms (one on each of the first and second floors) and an understorey play space. The extension was designed in 1944 by architect Thomas Robert Gladwin from within the Department of Public Works. It copied the architectural details from the original section. In order to make room for the extension, the playshed was relocated on the site further south, adjacent to the western boundary.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 the Oslo Lunch Room was converted for domestic science lessons. The verandah was enclosed with vertical timber boards and glass louvre windows to form a teacher&#39;s room and fitting room and a laundry. Casement windows with operable fanlights were added to the eastern gable end wall and high-level glass louvres were added to the west gable end wall. New doors and built-in sinks and joinery were added. In 1964 the Oslo Lunch Room was converted for use as a tuckshop.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 two allotments fronting Ruthven Street (part of the original school site sold in 1906) were acquired and incorporated into the school grounds. Here, an infants&#39; wing was constructed in two stages between 1957 and 1959 and opened by the Minister for Education, Jack Pizzey, in October 1959. The building was a standard design by architects within the Department of Public Works. It was a long and narrow two-storey building with open play space and one classroom on the ground level and classrooms on the upper level accessed by a verandah along the northern side. It was a brick, timber and concrete structure with a timber-framed gable roof. It had banks of timber- framed awning windows on the southern elevation, providing a high level of natural light and ventilation to the classrooms. It was connected to the western end of the main building via a ground-level covered walkway. This walkway was reconfigured in 1962 to be two storeys and include toilets, a staff room, a health services room and a store room.</p><br>
<p>In March 1960 a plaque mounted on the new infants wing was unveiled by Director of Primary Education, Arch Guymer. It dedicated the wing to recently retired Aileen Wadley, who taught at Toowoomba South Girls and Infants State School from 1 January 1938 to 31 December 1959. The building was called the "Wadley Wing". In 1977 the verandah was enclosed with aluminium-framed sliding windows and a ground-floor extension accommodating a janitors room was added to the southern side of the wing in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Alterations were made to the first floor of the main building in 1960. This included removing a folding partition and inserting a new partition to create a teacher&#39;s room and a larger classroom. Further alterations to this building were made in 1972 when the first and second floor hat and cloak rooms were converted for use as a staff room, a reading room, and general space.</p><br>
<p>The provision of outdoor play space was a result of the early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school. Trees and gardens were planted as part of beautification of the school. In the 1870s, schools inspector William AJ Boyd was critical of tropical schools and amongst his recommendations was the importance of the addition of shade trees in the playground. In addition, Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890. Landscape elements were often constructed to standard designs and were intrinsic to Queensland Government education philosophies. Educationalists believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes and inspired people to stay on the land. Aesthetically-designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors.</p><br>
<p>The site of Toowoomba South State School has been landscaped over time to include trees, playing fields, courts, gardens, hardstand areas, shelters, and play structures. The school celebrated Arbor Day from 1890 and school activities have always involved the grounds, including parades, assemblies, sports days, and wider community social events like fetes and concerts. In 1958 extensive concrete retaining walls were constructed at the boundaries of the school and the earth was banked to create level areas for sports and to improve drainage.</p><br>
<p>On 30 October 1965 the school celebrated its centenary and a souvenir booklet was published for the event. A fete day was held and included various entertainments, the unveiling of a memorial in the grounds by Minister for Transport, Gordon Chalk, a tree planting ceremony, and an afternoon tea for past students. The Kath Dickson Art Gallery, comprising works presented by the Toowoomba Art Society, was also opened within the brick building by MLA for Toowoomba East, Mervyn Anderson. Kath Dickson taught at the school between 1937-1941 and 1946-1950 before returning as Principal from 1960-1975. During her time at the school she actively encouraged pupil involvement in cultural activities such as art.</p><br>
<p>Between the 1960s and the 1980s a modernisation of Queensland education occurred. The Education Act 1964 was a turning point and the first major update of Queensland education&#39;s governing legislation since 1875. Effectively, a new era of state education evolved with new architectural responses needed. The Department of Education (as it had been renamed in 1957) continued to give the responsibility of building design to the architects of the Department of Public Works. Due to new materials, technologies, educational philosophies, government policies, architectural styles and functional requirements, the evolution of standard designs became more fragmented. Rather than "improving" on the previous designs, architects began to design on a relatively clean slate, inspired by new precedents. Fundamentally, timber construction was no longer favoured and buildings were no longer predominantly high-set.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 a new library building was constructed at Toowoomba Girls and Infants State School. This was a "System IB74", a standard building designed by Codd Hopgood Industrial Architects, and was a concrete slab-on-ground, prefabricated steel structure.</p><br>
<p>The open-air annexe was moved to make room for the library construction. It was relocated at the southern end of the site, near the western boundary. It was oriented so that the verandah faced west and was low-set on concrete stumps. The teacher&#39;s room was removed from the verandah at this time and possibly became a pavilion for the nearby tennis courts. The enclosed verandah was altered to accommodate a toilet at the northern end which was later removed.</p><br>
<p>A 1975 site plan shows that between 1960 and 1975 the school grounds had expanded to include additional allotments on the western side facing Ruthven Street.</p><br>
<p>On 1 March 1983 the nearby Toowoomba South Boys State School was closed and the boys were amalgamated into the girls and infants&#39; school, which was renamed Toowoomba South State School. Minor alterations to the toilets in the understorey of the 1941 building were undertaken during this transition. A large concrete and steel covered games area was constructed to the south of the 1941 brick building.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 the school celebrated its 125th anniversary of establishment and an anniversary souvenir booklet was published for the event.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 further alterations were made to the 1941 brick building. The western-most classroom on the second floor was enlarged by partially removing the corridor wall and this space was incorporated into the classroom. At the same time, alterations were made to the Wadley Wing, including removing sections of the verandah wall, removing partitions, and inserting new partitions to create a withdrawal room and an art space.</p><br>
<p>Later the SEDUce (Special Education Development Unit) become part of Toowoomba South, giving the school 3 sections SEDU, Preschool and Primary School. The SEDU was relocated away from Toowoomba South in 2007 following the introduction of the Prep year. In 2006, a regional group of ESL (English as a Second Language) support teachers were added to the school. 2007 saw the preschool folded into the main school as part of the introduction of Prep Year in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>During the Australian Governments Building Education Revolution (BER) program, Toowoomba South State School received funding of $850,000 for the construction of a new Multi-Purpose hall. The BER program was the key element of the Australian Governments $42 billion "Nation Building - Economic Stimulus Plan", developed in response to the global financial crisis. The hall, situated along the Ruthven Street side of the school was completed in 2012.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, enrolment figures at the school have declined to around 70 in 2013. Cultural diversity is a feature of the school, with approximately 50% of students having English as a second language or identifying with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander cultures. The school also is the base for a Regional ESL (English as a Second Language) team who service schools in the Darling Downs and South-West area.</p><br>
<p>The school retains buildings that were built and altered in accordance with an evolving educational philosophy. Since opening in 1865, it has taught generations of Toowoomba students and has been a place of employment for many teachers and other staff. It has been a key social focus for the local school community with the grounds and buildings the location of many social events over time.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School is situated on a major thoroughfare on the fringe of the central business district of Toowoomba. The 1.5ha site is adjacent to the intersection of the New England and Warrego Highways and is a neighbour to St Patricks Cathedral. The school buildings comprise: a three-storey brick building; the Wadley Wing; the Oslo Lunch Room; the open-air annexe; the playshed; a library; a covered games area; and a multi-purpose hall.</p><br>
<h3>The main building (1941, rear extension 1949)</h3><br>
<p>Fronting James Street to the north is an imposing three-storey classroom building designed in a Neo-Classical style with a grand character and landmark attributes. The building sits at a distance from the front boundary with a central concrete path and steps leads to the front entrance of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is symmetrically composed and comprises an understorey at ground level and two upper levels of classrooms. The exterior is rendered and scored to imitate coursed ashlar at ground level and has fine facebrick upper levels in English bond. A projecting central entrance bay with decorative pediment is flanked by wings with projecting end pavilions. The facade has rhythmic banks of timber-framed casement windows with fanlights on the first and second levels. The timber-framed hipped and gable roof is clad with corrugated metal sheets and has a prominent, decorative, metal ventilation fleche. The loadbearing structure supports a timber floor on steel bearers and concrete floors in the circulation spaces.</p><br>
<p>Entrance to the main (first) level is via a split stair with an iron balustrade to a large central door comprising two leaves with moulded panels, glazed fanlight, and rendered architrave and hood. A wide, short hall leads to the main perpendicular corridor. The hall has moulded concrete skirtings, rendered walls, timber plate rail, and sheet-and-battens ceiling. A wall-mounted plaque commemorates the buildings opening. A teachers room is on either side of the hall.</p><br>
<p>The first and second floors comprise classrooms, teacher&#39;s rooms, store rooms, and hat and cloak rooms, accessed from a wide corridor running the length of the northern side. The corridor has rendered walls and north-facing timber-framed casement windows and fanlights that retain original brass hardware. The wall between corridor and classroom has timber-framed double-hung sashes and awning sash fanlights; all retain original brass hardware. The ceiling of the first floor corridor is concrete with moulded concrete cornice and the ceiling of the second floor corridor is sheet-and-battens with timber cornice. The classrooms have rendered walls with moulded timber skirtings, architraves, and plate rails. The ceilings are sheet-and- battens with timber cornice. The ceilings of the second level have a central timber lattice ventilation panel.</p><br>
<p>Two stairwells provide vertical circulation. The stairs are red-painted concrete with an unpainted perimeter and the balustrades are decorative iron with a moulded clear-finished timber handrail. In the stair halls the perimeter of the concrete floor is coved to the wall and small store rooms are located under the stairs.</p><br>
<p>The understorey accommodates a large central play space and ablutions at either end, low-level bag and hat hooks, timber perimeter seats, and chalkboards. The floor is concrete and the walls are glazed facebrick rounded at corners. The toilets retain original timber cubicles, windows, and sheet-and-battens ceilings.</p><br>
<h3>The Wadley Wing (1959)</h3><br>
<p>Connected by a glazed, high-set corridor to the western end of the main building is the Wadley Wing. This long, narrow, timber-framed building is clad with facebrick and has a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. The building is divided approximately in half into two adjoined sections, with the western section set at a lower level.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section of the building is high-set on timber trusses. The understorey accommodates one classroom and a facebrick ablutions block. The western section of the building is high-set on round concrete columns. Enclosed on the southern side by a later masonry wall and glass louvres, the understorey accommodates an open play area with a concrete floor and a timber perimeter seat.</p><br>
<p>The two sections are connected by a central stair hall. Another stair hall is located at the western end of the wing with a door out into a small yard to Ruthven Street, forming a secondary entrance into the school. The stair halls have timber stairs, unpainted timber floors, facebrick and chamferboard walls, raked ceilings lined with sheet material, and are brightly-lit by timber-framed, fixed, opaque glazing.</p><br>
<p>The upper level verandah runs the length of the northern side providing access to south-facing classrooms. The verandah is enclosed with aluminium-framed sliding windows, has a balustrade of bag racks, and a raked ceiling lined with sheet material and rounded cover strips. The verandah wall of the western portion retains chamferboard lining and banks of original timber-framed, double-hung sash windows with pivot-hung fanlights (all with original hardware), but modern doors. The verandah wall of the eastern portion has been altered by the insertion of large openings, removing all windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>The south walls of the classrooms have large banks of timber-framed awning sash windows that retain original hardware. The classroom floors are timber and the walls and flat ceiling are lined with sheet material with rounded cover strips. The partition walls of the western portion are not original nor in their original locations. The partitions of the eastern portion have large concertina doors to combine the rooms into one large space.</p><br>
<h3>The Oslo Lunch Room (1945)</h3><br>
<p>Located to the south of the main building is the Oslo Lunch Room, a small, timber-framed building low-set on concrete and steel stumps. It has an enclosed north-facing (front) verandah and comprises one large room. The exterior is clad with sheet material with timber cover battens. The verandah is enclosed with chamferboards and aluminium-framed sliding windows. It has a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. The side and rear elevations have banks of timber-framed casement windows with awning sash fanlights.</p><br>
<p>Entry is via two sets of steel and timber stairs onto the verandah, which has a timber floor and a ceiling lined on the rake with v-jointed timber boards. The verandah has a small room at either end formed by walls of single-skin, timber, v-jointed boards. These rooms retain early timber doors with glazed panels and fanlights as well as timber shelving and a sink.</p><br>
<p>A large opening has been inserted in the verandah wall.</p><br>
<p>The room has a timber floor and the walls and ceilings are lined with sheet material with timber cover battens. The room has modern built-in kitchen furniture that is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>The playshed (1884)</h3><br>
<p>A playshed stands in the grounds to the south of the Oslo Lunch Room. It is a timber-framed shelter with a concrete floor and a hipped roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. The southern and western sides are sheeted with corrugated iron that shields a timber perimeter seat that runs on these sides.</p><br>
<h3>The open-air annexe (1913)</h3><br>
<p>To the south of the playshed near the southern boundary of the site, stands the open-air annexe. This timber-framed building is low-set on concrete stumps and comprises one large classroom and an enclosed western (front) verandah. The walls are clad with weatherboards that have ventilation slots in the gable end apexes. The weatherboards wrap the ends of the enclosed verandah forming the original hat rooms. The remainder of the verandah is enclosed with sheet material with timber cover battens and sliding, timber-framed windows. The other elevations have timber-framed casements, some with small timber-framed fanlights, and the windows of the gable ends have small metal hoods. The gable roof, which is continuous over the verandah, is clad with corrugated metal sheets and has timber gable fretwork. The roof has wide eaves and the soffit is lined with v-jointed timber boards with meshed ventilation slots.</p><br>
<p>Entry is at either end of the verandah via steel and timber stairs to glazed timber doors. The verandah has a timber floor and a timber v-jointed board ceiling. The wall between the verandah and the classroom is single skin with the framing, which has chamfered edges, exposed into the verandah. The verandah wall has timber-framed colonial-hung sashes with awning sash fanlights. Original double leaf timber doors with original hardware open into the classroom at both ends of the verandah. The classroom is a large space with a timber floor and the walls and coved ceiling are lined with timber v-jointed boards. An iron tie rod is exposed within the space at ceiling level. The ceiling has a central ventilation opening. The windows retain original hardware.</p><br>
<p>To the east nearby is a timber-framed pavilion used as a tennis shed. This measures approximately 3.7m x 2.4m, is open on one side, and is clad with weatherboards. It has a timber-framed skillion roof clad with corrugated metal sheets, is unlined internally, and has two unglazed window openings. This pavilion is probably the teacher&#39;s room added to the open-air annexe in 1929 and removed in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Also on the site are a steel and concrete library building (1975), a steel and concrete covered games area (1983), and a steel and concrete multi-purpose hall (2012); none of which are of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>The Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The school grounds are banked and levelled to create playing areas and incorporate long, low concrete retaining walls. Large, mature trees, including pepperinas (Schinus molle), camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora), and jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia) stand within the grounds. A timber seat around the base of a camphor laurel has memorial plaques mounted on it. The plaques are dedicated to past students who have died. A stone cairn with a plaque, a memorial of the 1965 centenary, stands in the garden near the front stair of the main building below a steel flagpole attached to the stair balustrade. Behind the main building is a large bitumen parade area.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School (established in 1865 as Toowoomba National School) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education in Queensland and the associated evolution of government education architecture. One of the oldest public schools established in Queensland, Toowoomba South State School retains a significant complex of buildings and landscape elements that illustrate the development of government education philosophies from the 1880s to the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Reserved for school purposes in 1853, the important buildings and landscape elements from the 1880s to the 1950s demonstrate the growth and development of Toowoomba as a major regional centre in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The open-air annexe at Toowoomba South State School, which remains relatively intact, is rare as one of the few surviving examples of this once common type.</p><br>
<p>The Oslo Lunch Room, which also remains relatively intact, is and has always been uncommon as only a few buildings were built to this standard design and survived subsequent periods of development and change.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of Queensland state schools, comprising a complex of buildings constructed to standard designs by the Department of Public Works, and standing on a large, landscaped site with buildings positioned to allow natural ventilation and daylighting of the interiors.</p><br>
<p>The place retains good, representative examples of standard government designs that were architectural responses to the prevailing government educational philosophies. In particular, the standard designs represented at Toowoomba are:</p><br>
<p>the playshed with its open sides, hipped timber-framed roof form supported on braced, timber posts and fixed timber perimeter seating</p><br>
<p>the open-air annexe with its timber-framed and clad construction, west facing verandah, large single classroom that is well ventilated and daylit, timber linings and iron tie rod</p><br>
<p>the Oslo Lunch Room with its timber-framed and sheet and battens clad construction, north facing verandah, south-facing fenestration and interior sheets and battens linings</p><br>
<p>the main building with its neo-classical styling, three-storeyed form, high-quality design, materials and construction, plan layout with north facing corridor, teacher&#39;s rooms, hat and cloak rooms, south facing classrooms that are well ventilated and daylit and understorey play space</p><br>
<p>and the Wadley Wing with its high-set form, gable roof, composite structural system and cladding, north facing verandah, south facing classrooms that are well ventilated and daylit and understorey play space.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its aesthetic significance brought about by the intact main building with its neo-classical styling (including proportions, scale, composition and detail), and its high-quality design, construction and materials. The place also has landmark attributes being sited on a major thoroughfare and contributes to the townscape of Toowoomba.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Toowoomba South State School has a strong, special, and ongoing association with the Toowoomba community. It was established through the efforts and funds of the people of the town in 1865 and has taught generations of Toowoomba children. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Toowoomba and is a prominent community focal point and gathering place for social events with widespread community support.</p><br>
<h2>Alumni</h2><br>
<p>Glynis Nunn (Saunders) Olympic heptathlon Gold Medalist 1984</p><br>
<p>Edwin John Godsall 38th Mayor of Toowoomba</p><br>
<p>Ross Cedric Miller 62nd Mayor of Toowoomba</p><br>
<p>Bernard Joseph Beirne 37th Mayor of Toowoomba, being the first locally born person elected Mayor.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tauhara is a dormant stratovolcano, reaching 3,569 feet  above sea level, situated within the Taupō caldera towards the centre of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, which stretches from White Island in the north to Mount Ruapehu in the south. It is 6 kilometres  east of the town of Taupo, New Zealand, next to the northeastern shore of Lake Taupō.</p><br>
<p>Formed about 65,000 years ago, Mount Tauhara was not a violently explosive vent, instead slowly oozing a viscous dacitic lava. It is the largest mass of dacite within the Taupō volcano, whose material is 98% rhyolitic. Little evidence of its volcanic past remains today; the peak is covered in dense native bush.</p><br>
<p>The hike up Mt. Tauhara is relatively strenuous and takes about an hour and a half each way. The track is not well groomed being slightly overgrown in some places. However, there is a pristine spring near the top perfect for drinking and the view at the summit is spectacular.</p><br>
<p>This is the Māori legend about Mt Tauhara:</p><br>
<p>The warrior mountains of Taranaki, Pūtauaki, Tongariro and Tauhara were deeply in love with Pīhanga the mountain that stands above Turangi at the southern end of Lake Taupō. A battle erupted to win Pīhangas favour and the victor was Tongariro. At their defeat, the other mountains decided to leave Tongariros domain, travelling as far away as they could in the course of one night. Taranaki fled west towards the setting sun, and Pūtauaki and Tauhara fled north towards the sunrise. Pūtauaki moved fast and is now located near Whakatane and is also known as Mt Edgecumbe. But Tauhara was sad and with a heavy heart he traveled reluctantly. When overtaken by dawn he had only reached the north eastern shore of Lake Taupō. Here he stands to this day looking mournfully across the lake towards his lost love, Pīhanga.</p><br>
<p>Tauhara is the point to which Ngātoroirangi, the high priest of Te Arawa canoe, and ariki-ancestor of Tūwharetoa, climbed when he first came to the region seeking lands for his followers.</p><br>
<p>There is a steep walking track to the top of Mount Tauhara, starting at Mountain Road. On a clear day, the summit offers excellent views over the Volcanic Plateau, encompassing the entirety of Lake Taupo in the southeast.</p><br>
<p>"Tauhara" is Māori for "alone, or isolated".</p><br>
<p>Sawley Abbey was an abbey of Cistercian monks in the village of Sawley, Lancashire, in England . Created as a daughter-house of Newminster Abbey, it existed from 1147 until its dissolution in 1536, during the reign of King Henry VIII. A monk here, William de Remmyngton went on to become Chancellor of the University of Oxford in 1372-3. The last two abbots of Sawley were both put to death. Thomas Bolton was executed as a consequence of his resistance to the dissolution and William Trafford, the last Abbot, was executed in Lancaster on the 10th March 1537 alongside John Paslew, the last Abbot of Whalley Abbey, for alleged involvement in the Pilgrimage of Grace.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Sawley Abbey, which are now controlled by English Heritage, are open to the public. Although not an extensive ruin, there are boards on the site that give information regarding the history of the abbey and its former inhabitants. Today, parts of the church and refectory can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>The abbey is a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>In March 2009, Sawley Abbey was featured in the first episode of series 3 of the TV series The Tudors.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Selayar or Saleyer , is an archipelago of South Sulawesi province, Indonesia. It lies in the Flores Sea, between Sulawesi and Flores, around 150km southeast of the major city of Makassar. Kabupaten Selayar is the Regency, covering 903.35 km² with a population of about 120,000 . There are 73 islands, the main one being Selayar Island. To the east lies Pulau  Kalaotoa and Pulau Karompa Lompo , and to the west lies Kepulauan Sabalana . It is a biodiverse diving site.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Selayar Island</p><br>
<p>Pulau Pulasi</p><br>
<p>Pulau Tambalongang</p><br>
<p>Pulau Tanahjampea</p><br>
<p>Pulau Batu</p><br>
<p>Pulau Kayuadi</p><br>
<p>Pulau Panjang</p><br>
<p>Macan Islands Islands include Latondu, Rajuni, Timabo, Pasi Tallu, and Taka Lamungan.</p><br>
<p>Pulau Kalao</p><br>
<p>Pulau Bonerate</p><br>
<p>Bahuluang</p><br>
<p>The Selayar Strait (Selat Selayar) is more than 100 fathoms deep and, with a strong current, is dangerous for native ships to navigate. The strata of Selayar Island are all sedimentary rocks: coraline limestone, occasionally sandstone; everywhere, except in the north and north-west, covered by a fertile soil. The watershed is a chain running throughout the island from N. to S., reaching in Bontona Haru 5840 ft.,\ and sloping steeply to the east coast.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>The population, mainly a mixture of Makasars, Bugis and the natives of Luvu and Buton, is estimated at 57,000 on the main island and 24,000 on the nearby islands. They speak the Makassar language and are for the most part nominally Muslims (though many non-Muslim customs survive) and support themselves by agriculture, fishing, seafaring, trade, the preparation of salt (on the south coast) and weaving. Raw and prepared cotton, tobacco, trepang, tortoise-shell, coconuts and coconut oil, and salt are exported. There is frequent movement between the area and other parts of Sulawesi as well as to other parts Indonesia. For that reason, and also because of its excellent horses and numerous water buffaloes, the Saleyar Islands are often compared with Madura, being of the same importance to Celebes as is Madura to Java.</p><br>
<p>Morro do Diabo, Devil&#39;s Hill, is a distinctive hill in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Its summit altitude is 650 m (ASL). Morro do Diabo is an area landmark, seen from the valleys and plains below it. It is located near the cities of Caxias do Sul and Porto Alegre, the state capital.</p><br>
<p>Morro do Diabo and the lower surrounding natural areas support Atlantic Forest habitat flora and fauna.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Tourists are welcome on Morro do Diabo to enjoy the vast views of the plains spreading below it. Enthusiasts of outdoor sports use the hill for recreation and to practice skills.</p><br>
<h3>Paragliding</h3><br>
<p>Morro do Diabo is used by paraglider pilots as a launch site and sometimes as a landing site as well.</p><br>
<p>The place is under frequent maintenance by the members of the Clube Vale dos Ventos de Voo Livre (Wind Valley Soaring Club) and is registered as a no plane flying area by the federal aviation organisation, bringing safer conditions to the practice of paragliding.</p><br>
<p>The pilots and their families frequently use the facilities of the Sky Company Hostel just below the hill, a place to recuperate and to meet other pilots. It serves as a meeting point for all the people who want to go to the top.</p><br>
<p>The Ottilienberg is a mountain near Eppingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The mountain has been a cult place in ancient times. On top of the mountain are the remains of a late medieval pilgrimage church and remains of a fortification from the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The mountain itself is a sandstone oval about 3 km south east of Eppingen. Because of the extraordinary geological formation, the 310 m high mountain is assumed to be a very early refuge and cult place. The pilgrimage church was donated in 1473. South of the chepel was a graveyard. 1697 the mountain top was dismantled to an artillery fortress. While the fortress decayed through the following decades, the church and some surrounding economy buildings did remain, until they were severely damaged during World War II in April 1945. The chapel was reconstructed in simplified shape in 1954/55.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Summit Lake is a 43 acre cold water reservoir located in Greenbrier County, West Virginia in the Gauley Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest. The reservoir is formed by the impoundment of the waters of two forks of Coats Run, a small tributary of the North Fork of the Cherry River. There have been attempts to rename the lake in honor of Carl E. Gainer, a politician from nearby Richwood. These efforts, however, have had limited success with local residents and the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>In times of drought when the Cherry River becomes too shallow, the lake can be used to supply Richwood&#39;s municipal water system.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is popular among fisherman, as it has an abundant supply of panfish and bass within its waters. The West Virginia Division of Natural Resources also stocks the lake with trout several times per year.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the lake includes a primitive 33-site campground and access to the Cranberry Backcountry. The Cranberry River, a popular trout stream, can be accessed via a somewhat-steep two-mile (3 km) hike along Fisherman&#39;s Trail. There are several other hiking trails of varying degrees of difficulty in proximity to Summit Lake, including one that circumnavigates the entire body of water. Some of these trails are used for cross-country skiing during winter months.</p><br>
<p>Low-horsepower motor boats and row boats are permitted on the lake. Swimming is prohibited except during the annual Scenic Mountain Triathlon.</p><br>
<p>The Mount of Beatitudes  is a hill in northern Israel where Jesus is believed to have delivered the Sermon on the Mount.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The traditional location for the Mount of Beatitudes is on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, between Capernaum and Gennesaret (Ginosar). Its highest point is 58 metres (190 ft) below sea level, which is approximately 155 metres (509 ft) above the surface of the lake. The actual location of the Sermon on the Mount is not certain, but the present site (also known as Mount Eremos) has been commemorated for more than 1600 years. The site is very near Tabgha. Other suggested locations have included the nearby Mount Arbel, or even the Horns of Hattin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A Byzantine church was erected lower down the slope from the current site in the 4th century, and it was used until the 7th century. Remains of a cistern and a monastery are still visible. The current Roman Catholic Franciscan chapel was built in 1937-38 following plans by Italian architect Antonio Barluzzi.</p><br>
<p>Pope John Paul II celebrated a Mass at this site in March 2000. The Jesus Trail pilgrimage route connects the Mount to other sites from the life of Jesus.</p><br>
<p>Lake Matheson, near the Fox Glacier in South Westland, New Zealand, is famous for its reflected views of Aoraki/Mount Cook and Mount Tasman. A traditional mahinga kai  for Māori people, the lake contains long finned eel as well as being home to many water birds.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Matheson was formed by glaciation ca. 14,000 years ago. It is situated on the valley floor about 12 km from the current Fox Glacier and Aoraki/Mount Cook, the highest peak in New Zealand, and Mount Tasman.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The area around the lake is managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and is surrounded by native kahikatea (white pine) and rimu (red pine) trees, as well as flax and a variety of New Zealand fern species.</p><br>
<h2>Photographs</h2><br>
<p>Round Island is an uninhabited island in Mackinac County of the USA state of Michigan. It is located in the Straits of Mackinac, which connect Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. The Native Americans called the island "Nissawinagong."</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of only 378 acre. Almost the entire island comprises the Round Island Wilderness Area within the Hiawatha National Forest. The island is nominally part of the City of Mackinac Island, Michigan, but is in fact overseen by the USA Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>Round Island is adjacent to, and to some extent protects the harbor of, nearby Mackinac Island, and the estimated 900,000 tourists who visit Mackinac Island annually by ferryboat pass close by Round Island on their journeys. To Round Island&#39;s southeast lies the inhabited island of Bois Blanc.</p><br>
<p>The sole building on the island is the vintage lighthouse Round Island Light, currently under restoration. The ship channel between Mackinac Island and Round Island, lighted by Round Island Light, is called Round Island Channel.</p><br>
<p>Christopher Reeve and Jane Seymour can be seen sitting near the lighthouse in the 1980 movie Somewhere in Time which was filmed primarily on Mackinac Island. The lighthouse is off-limits to anyone who may visit the island. While it is rare for Round Island to see any visitors, there is a small harbor on the north shore that attracts occasional inhabitants of Mackinac Island who sail to the harbor&#39;s sandy beach for a secluded, quiet visit. (The beaches of Mackinac Island are generally rocky.)</p><br>
<p>Bulloch Hall is a Greek Revival mansion in Roswell, Georgia, built in 1839. It is one of several historically significant buildings in the city and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is where Martha Bulloch Roosevelt , mother of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th USA President, lived as a child. It is also where she married Theodore Roosevelt&#39;s father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. The Roosevelt family are descendants of Archibald Bulloch, the first Governor of Georgia .</p><br>
<p>The antebellum mansion was built by Mitties father, Major James Stephens Bulloch. He was a prominent planter from the Georgia coast, who was invited to the new settlement by his friend Roswell King. After the death of his first wife Hester Amarintha "Hettie" Elliott - mother of his son James D. Bulloch - Bulloch married the widow of his first wifes father, Martha "Patsy" Stewart Elliot, and had four more children:</p><br>
<p>Anna Bulloch</p><br>
<p>Martha Bulloch</p><br>
<p>Charles Bulloch (who died young)</p><br>
<p>Irvine Bulloch.</p><br>
<p>Major Bulloch selected a ten-acre plot of land and engaged a skilled builder, Willis Ball, to design and construct an elegant Greek Revival home. The Bulloch family lived in an abandoned Cherokee farmhouse while slaves and trained laborers built the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1839, Major Bulloch and his family moved into the completed house.</p><br>
<p>Soon Bulloch also owned land for cotton production and held enslaved African-Americans to work his fields. According to the 1850 Slave Schedules, Martha Stewart Elliott Bulloch, by then widowed a second time, owned 31 enslaved African-Americans. They mostly labored on cotton and crop production; but some would have worked in the home, on cooking and domestic tasks to support the family. Some of the known slaves who worked in the house were "Maum" Rose (cook), "Maum" Charlotte (housekeeper), "Maum" Grace (nursemaid), "Daddy" William, "Daddy" Luke, and Henry.</p><br>
<h2>Birth and marriage of Martha Bulloch</h2><br>
<p>In 1835 while living in Hartford, Connecticut, James&#39; wife gave birth to a daughter, also named Martha. She was known affectionately as Mittie. Mittie was raised at Bulloch Hall.</p><br>
<p>Though the date of their initial meeting is unclear, we do know that when Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. was 19, he came to Roswell, Georgia with his friend Hilborne West, who was to marry Mitties oldest half sister, Susan Elliott. Mittie was 15 at the time. "Thee," as he was called, met Mittie again when she went to Philadelphia in January 1853 to stay with her sister Susan. They fell in love and began planning their wedding through letters between Mittie in Roswell and Thee in New York. They were married in the dining room of Bulloch Hall on December 22, 1853. The marriage was a gala affair with people coming for many miles and staying for a week. Mitties friend and bridesmaid, Mrs. William Baker, left a recollection of the wedding in an interview by Margaret "Peggy" Mitchell of Gone with the Wind fame, in the Atlanta Journal, June 10, 1923.</p><br>
<p>After the marriage, the couple moved to New York City. The couple lived with Thees parents while a house, a wedding gift from them, was constructed at 28 E 20th Street. In 1856, Martha, Anna, and Irvine moved to Philadelphia to live with Marthas daughter Susan West. Anna and Martha later moved in with Mittie and Thee in New York. The Roosevelt couple became the parents of Anna; Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States; Elliott, and Corinne. Later Elliott married Anna Rebecca Hall, and his daughter was First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h2>President Roosevelt's visit in 1905</h2><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt, who had begun his presidency on reasonably good terms for a half-northerner president, had infuriated the South by inviting Booker T. Washington to dine in the White House. Consequently, he waited a few years until the episode blew over and finally visited Bulloch Hall for the first time while touring the South in 1905. He was thought to be the first sitting President of the United States to visit the South since the end of the American Civil War, however this is incorrect as William McKinley had visited the South earlier while celebrating the victory of the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>President Roosevelt and his wife Edith arrived in Roswell, Georgia on October 20, 1905. At Bulloch Hall, he spoke as follows:</p><br>
<p>Eleanor Roosevelt visited Roswell and Bulloch Hall several times. Her husband Franklin Roosevelt visited the house, but did not leave his car.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor information</h2><br>
<p>Bulloch Hall is located at:</p><br>
<p>This historic home is owned by the City of Roswell Georgia&#39;s Historic and Cultural Affairs Division and managed by Friends of Bulloch, Inc. a 501(c)3 charitable organization.</p><br>
<p>Bulloch Hall is open for tours seven days a week.</p><br>
<p>Tour Schedule as of October 2016:</p><br>
<p>Mon - Sat 10am - 3pm</p><br>
<p>Sun - 1-3pm</p><br>
<p>For more information and tours call the Hall at 770-992-1731 in the US. The official site of Bulloch hall is l</p><br>
<h2>Bulloch Hall mentioned in fiction</h2><br>
<p>Summer, Edward. The Legend of Teddy Bear Bob aka Bear Bob&#39;s Story</p><br>
<p>In 1974, director Monte Hellman used Bulloch Hall to film several scenes from the movie Cockfighter, starring Warren Oates.</p><br>
<p>The Crocker Art Museum, formerly the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery is the longest continuously-operating art museum in the West. Located in Sacramento, California, the Museum hosts one of the state’s premier collections of Californian art. The collection contains works dating from the Gold Rush to the present day, a collection of master drawings, European paintings, one of the largest international ceramics collections in the USA and collections of Asian, African, and Oceanic art.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, Edwin B. Crocker, a wealthy banker and landowner, and Margaret Crocker began to assemble a significant collection of paintings and drawings during an extended trip to Europe just a year after their purchase of land on the corner of Third and O Street in the city of Sacramento. As a prominent California family, the Crockers supported many social and civic causes. Judge Crocker (1818–1875) served on the State Supreme Court. His brother was Charles Crocker, one of the “Big Four” railroad barons. In 1885, his widow, Margaret (1822–1901), fulfilled their shared vision of creating a public art museum when she presented the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery and collection to the City of Sacramento and the California Museum Association, “in trust for the public.” the contents of which were valued at the time at more than $500,000.000.</p><br>
<p>While the Crocker Art Museum had undertaken a series of renovations and additions since it first opened as a public museum 125 years ago, the facility could not keep pace with the Museum’s burgeoning collection and the growing population of Sacramento and California&#39;s Central Valley Region. In 2000, the Crocker began a master planning process with Gwathmey Siegel & Associates and in 2002 commissioned the firm to design a major expansion of the Museum. The expanded Crocker Art Museum opened on October 10, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Permanent collections</h2><br>
<h3>Californian art and American art</h3><br>
<p>The Californian art collection includes works dating from statehood to the present day. The core collection of early Californian art was assembled by Judge E. B. and Margaret Crocker in the early 1870s and has continued to grow over the years. The Crocker now boasts 150 years of painting, sculpture, and craft media covering genres that include Impressionism, Abstract Expressionism, and Pop Art, and features artists such as Thomas Hill, Guy Rose, Joan Brown, and Wayne Thiebaud. The collection also includes American art from the late-19th century to the present. American impressionists and modernists are a particular strength, with works by Childe Hassam, Robert Henri, and Georgia O&#39;Keeffe. Other 20th-century painters represented include Granville Redmond, Edwin Deakin, Maynard Dixon, Richard Diebenkorn, Mel Ramos, Jim Piskoti ("Justice"), Jess, and Luis Azaceta. Sacramento painter Amanda Austin is also represented in the collection.</p><br>
<h3>Works on paper</h3><br>
<p>The collection of approximately 1,500 master drawings include examples from the major European schools. Collection strengths include European drawings from the 17th and 18th centuries. Major drawings by artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Fra Bartolommeo, François Boucher, and Jean-Honoré Fragonard are represented. American photography and modern and contemporary California prints are also strengths of the works on paper collection.</p><br>
<h3>European art</h3><br>
<p>The collection of European art was shaped by the Crocker family’s purchase of paintings during their grand tour of Europe between 1869 and 1871. This core collection focuses on Central European painting of the 19th century, Dutch and Flemish 16th- and 17th-century painting, and Italian-Baroque painting. Painters represented at this art museum include Antonio Joli, Guido Cagnacci, Gerrit van Honthorst, Nicolaes Maes, Nicolaes Molenaer, Pieter Quast (Quarreling Women), Bernhard Reinhold (Young Mason Eating Lunch), Andreas Achenbach, Karl von Piloty, Paul Blondeau (Dordrecht), Arnold Marc Gorter (Canal Landscape With Trees), Andreas Schelfhout, and Charles Christian Nahl.</p><br>
<h3>Ceramics</h3><br>
<p>Since midcentury, the Museum has followed the development of notable Californian, American, and international ceramists such as Hamada Shoji and Lucie Rie. The history of ceramics is also explored through a collection of 18th-century Meissen porcelain tableware and in the works of ancient cultures dating to the Neolithic period.</p><br>
<h3>Asian Art</h3><br>
<p>The collection of Asian art is noted for its holdings of Chinese tomb furnishings and trade ceramics, and Japanese armor and tea ware. The collection is also notable for Korean ceramics, which began with a gift by Judge E.B. and Margaret Crocker’s daughter Jennie Crocker Fassett in the 1920s. South and Southeast Asia are well represented through the William and Edith Cleary gift of more than 600 Indian and Persian miniature paintings and drawings, as well as Buddhist art from the region between Pakistan and Southeast Asia.</p><br>
<h3>African and Oceanic art</h3><br>
<p>The collection of African and Oceanic art features a variety of objects created for daily life and traditional ceremonies. The art of the Asmat of New Guinea is strikingly evidenced in the towering memorials to ancestors, called bis poles.</p><br>
<h2>The Crocker-Kingsley</h2><br>
<p>A biennial exhibition has been held by the museum in cooperation with the Kingsley Art Club since 1927, and juried since 1940. Artists whose works have appeared include Robert Arneson, Elmer Bischoff, David Gilhooly, Ralph Goings, Roland Petersen, Mel Ramos, Fritz Scholder, and Wayne Thiebaud.</p><br>
<h2>Main buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>In 1868, Judge Edwin B. Crocker purchased the property and existing buildings on the corner of Third and O Streets. He then commissioned Seth Babson (1830–1908), a local architect, to redesign and renovate the home into a grander, Italianate mansion. In addition, Crocker asked Babson to design an elaborate gallery building that would sit adjacent to the mansion and display the family&#39;s growing art collection.</p><br>
<p>Babson saw the home and gallery as an integrated complex, unique in design and demanding the finest materials. The gallery building included a bowling alley, skating rink and billiards room on the ground floor; a natural history museum and a library on the first floor; and gallery space on the second floor. Completed in 1872, the Crocker family mansion and art gallery are considered the masterpieces of Babson&#39;s career.</p><br>
<p>The family mansion went through several uses and reconstructions until a 1989 renovation restored the historic façade and created a modern gallery interior.</p><br>
<h3>2010 expansion</h3><br>
<p>On October 10, 2010 the Crocker Art Museum opened a new 125,000 ft&sup2; building designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects founded by recognized architect Charles Gwathmey of group The New York Five. The roughly 37,600 ft&sup2; custom facade system was designed and</p><br>
<p>supplied by Overgaard Ltd., Hong Kong. The new building, named the Teel Family Pavilion, is attached to the museums historic structures to expand the Crocker Art Museums original and present traveling exhibitions as well as educational programs.</p><br>
<p>The controversial expansion has more than tripled the Crocker’s size to 145,000 square feet (13,500 m2) – adding four times the space for traveling exhibitions and three times the space for the Museum to showcase its permanent collection. The original museum only accommodated 4 percent of the museum&#39;s collection. 15 percent was displayed at the opening of the new section.</p><br>
<p>The expanded Museum includes a new education center with four studio art classrooms, an art education resource room for teachers and docents, an expanded library, and student and community exhibition galleries, as well as an auditorium and public gathering places. These new facilities allow the Crocker to present expanded programming, enabling the Museum to serve the community as never before.</p><br>
<h2>Selected collection highlights</h2><br>
<p>Grímsnes is a fissure or crater row volcano located in southwestern Iceland, a relatively small volcanic system located SE of Thingvallavatn lake east of an en echelon group of volcanic fields extending across the Reykjanes Peninsula. The elevation at its apex is 214 meters. Tephrochronology approximates the volcano&#39;s last eruption as 3500 BC.</p><br>
<p>The individual volcanoes in the area include Kerið, a lake-filled volcanic crater.</p><br>
<p>The Grímsneshraun lava-fields in the area cover a total of 54 km&sup2;. The largest of these plains is the Seyðishólar-Kerhólahraun field which covers 23.5 km&sup2;. Other sizeable plains include the Tjarnarhólahraun field at 11.9 km&sup2, the Kálfshólahraun field at 8.0 km&sup2; and the Álftarhólshraun 6.2 km&sup2;. The total volume of lava produced in the lava flows of Grímsnes has been estimated at 1.2 km3</p><br>
<p>Lake Mattamuskeet is the largest natural lake in North Carolina. It is a shallow coastal lake, averaging 2–3 feet in depth, and stretches 18 mi long and 7 mi wide. Lake Mattamuskeet lies on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mattamuskeet is the location of Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge. This refuge as well as surrounding public and private lands in eastern North Carolina are a major wintering site for waterfowl including ducks like northern pintail and green-wing teal, geese like Canada geese and tundra swans.</p><br>
<h2>New Holland</h2><br>
<p>New Holland is a community in Hyde County, North Carolina, located along the southern shore of Lake Mattamuskeet. Between 1911 and 1934, three private investment companies partnered with the public Mattamuskeet Drainage District to build the world&#39;s largest capacity pumping plant and dredge 130 mi of large navigable canals to drain 50,000 acre Lake Mattamuskeet for residential, commercial, and agricultural development. The lake drainage project also gave badly needed drainage relief to about 550 farmers around the lake whose farms drained by gravity into the huge lakebed. The investors created a community within the reclaimed lakebed and named it "New Holland," after similar land reclamation projects in the Netherlands. The drainage project ended when the third private owner sold the lake property to the United States government in 1934 to allow the creation of a migratory bird refuge. Today, Lake Mattamuskeet and the old town site of New Holland are on Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge. The community on the south central side of Lake Mattamuskeet is still called "New Holland Community."</p><br>
<p>Base Brown is a fell in England&#39;s Lake District, near the head of the Borrowdale Valley. It forms one side of the Seathwaite Valley, and on the western side it is flanked by the hanging valley of Gillercomb.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horsehoe around this long wild valley. Base Brown is a near neighbour of Great Gable, also bordering onto the Southern Fells.</p><br>
<p>Great Gable and its lesser companion Green Gable stand at the head of Ennerdale, with the walkers pass of Sty Head to their backs. Base Brown is the summit of the north east ridge of Green Gable, standing out into Borrowdale. All of Base Browns waters ultimately reach this valley, passing via Derwentwater to the sea at Workington.</p><br>
<p>A steep and rough slope descends north east from the summit of Green Gable, dropping through Mitchell Cove to the flat-topped and rather damp col of Blackmoor Pols (1,995 ft). Beyond this the ground rises again to the steep sided dome of Base Brown. On the south eastern face are crags overlooking Styhead Gill with Seathwaite Fell across the valley. The north western flanks are equally steep, but descending only half the vertical distance into the hanging valley of Gillercomb. This is the gathering ground of Sour Milk Gill, which drops over a series of falls around the northern extremity of Base Brown. Here it joins Styhead Gill and Grains Gill to form the nascent River Derwent. Across Gillercomb is the main ridge continuing north around Ennerdale, Brandreth being the initial fell. The top of Base Brown narrows considerably to the north of the summit, a prow-like ridge descending toward the falls of Sour Milk Gill. There is a prominent hanging stone here, startlingly poised over the rim of the crags. Another feature is the Seathwaite Slabs, a set of slabs of rocks used for rock climbing practice by novices and conveniently located only minutes from Seathwaite.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The crags on either face of Base Brown display rocks of the Crinkle Member of the Airy&#39;s Bridge Formation. This consists mainly of welded rhyolitic lapilli-tuff and tuff, with some breccia. There are also minor intrusions of andesite above Styhead Gill. The summit dome is overlain by till.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Although surrounded by crags the summit itself is of grass with a few boulders. A cairn marks the highest point. The view is restricted by higher neighbours, but the view north east down Borrowdale takes in Skiddaw and the Helvellyn range. The northern face of the Scafells is also seen in close up in the opposite direction. Water in view from the summit is restricted to Derwentwater and part of Styhead Tarn.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Base Brown is often passed on the way to Sty Head and Esk Hause, along the popular paths which start at Seathwaite. Base Brown is itself almost exclusively climbed from this hamlet, via the cascades of Sour Milk Gill. Once the foot of Gillercomb is reached a choice presents itself. Either the walker can continue up the gill to reach Blackmoor Pols and then make an easy traverse back to the summit, or a direct line can be taken up the north ridge. Base Brown can be used as the first step to climbing Green and Great Gable.</p><br>
<p>Banja Vrujci is a spa town located in the northwestern part of Serbia, spread around the hillsides of Suvobor mountain and the River Toplica valley. It is most famous for its healing water which is also used for bottling VodaVoda, a brand of mineral water in Serbia. VodaVoda is now being sold in many countries worldwide, like Russia, Czech Republic, and Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Spa</h2><br>
<p>The Vrujci Spa is located at the foot of the mountains Suvobor and Maljen, between Ljig and Mionica. It belongs to the Mionica municipality and the Kolubara District. The Vrujci Spa and its area are surrounded by picturesque hills and captivating scenery of pristine nature. The Toplica River runs through the spa the name of which speaks of the existence of hot thermal water in the Vrujci Spa. The temperature of the water that springs in the very centre of the spa is 26-27°C, and it falls within the category of oligomineral waters. The water is used for therapeutic purposes both for bathing and drinking.</p><br>
<p>The therapeutic properties of the water and the spa mud are used for treating rheumatic ailments, sterility, sciatica, varicose veins, high blood pressure, skin diseases...</p><br>
<p>The Vrujci Spa has a complex of bathing pools that are unique in Serbia because they are built right on the thermal water springs, which makes them free flowing. In addition to providing treatment for the said medical conditions, the Vrujci Spa is an ideal choice for holiday, recreation, leisure, hiking, fishing, camping and a series of other activities.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 92 km from Belgrade, 113 km from Pančevo, 65 km from Obrenovac, 30 km from Valjevo, 75 km from Čačak, 170 km from Novi Sad.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>- Struganik (5 km) – the birthplace of Duke Živojin Mišić (one of the Serbian Army commanders in World War I) – museum</p><br>
<p>- Ribnica (7 km) – the Ribnica River, the Ribnica Cave and St.Peter and Paul’s Church</p><br>
<p>- Ravna Gora (29 km) – a monument of Draža Mihajlović (leader of the Chetnik movement in World War II)</p><br>
<p>- Bogovađa (23 km) – the Bogovađa Monastery</p><br>
<p>- Rajac (23 km) – Mt.Rajac, “Haymaking in Rajac“ an event taking place in mid July,</p><br>
<p>- Divčibare (15 km) – mountain holiday resort</p><br>
<p>Osorno Volcano is a 2,652 m tall conical stratovolcano lying between Osorno Province and Llanquihue Province, in Los Lagos Region of Chile. It stands on the southeastern shore of Llanquihue Lake, and also towers over Todos los Santos Lake. Osorno is known worldwide as a symbol of the local landscape, and is noted for its similar appearance to Mount Fuji.</p><br>
<p>Osorno is one of the most active volcanoes of the southern Chilean Andes, with 11 historical eruptions recorded between 1575 and 1869. The basalt and andesite lava flows generated during these eruptions reached both Llanquihue and Todos los Santos Lakes. The upper slopes of the volcano are almost entirely covered in glaciers despite its very modest altitude and latitude, sustained by the substantial snowfall in the very moist maritime climate of the region.</p><br>
<p>Osorno sits on top of a 250,000-year-old eroded stratovolcano, La Picada, with a 6-km-wide caldera.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Charles Darwin glimpsed Volcán Osorno from a distance in the course of the second voyage of the Beagle, catching sight of its eruption in January 1835.</p><br>
<p>Volcán Osorno was used as the backdrop for promotional photos and video in Motorola&#39;s 2005 global advertising campaign for the PEBL mobile phone.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Ampelokipoi  is a suburb of the Thessaloniki Urban Area and was a former municipality of the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Ampelokipoi-Menemeni, of which it is a municipal unit. The population was 37381 in 2011, Ampelokipoi is the seat of the new Ampelokipoi-Menemeni municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbouring municipalities</h2><br>
<p>Thessaloniki, Menemeni, Evosmos, Stavroupoli, Neapoli.</p><br>
<h2>Sport activities</h2><br>
<p>The municipal sports club AO Ampelokipon has football, basketball, volleyball, swimming and athletic clubs. The local stadium was a training center for Olympic Games of 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The municipality has many problems in this sector because of the lack of school buildings and overpopulation.</p><br>
<p>Stavroupoli  is a suburb of the Thessaloniki Urban Area and was a former municipality in the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it has been part of the municipality Pavlos Melas, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The population at the 2011 census was 46,008. The municipal unit has an area of 3.175 km. Stavroupoli is located northwest of Thessaloniki&#39;s city centre.</p><br>
<p>According to the 2011 census, the population of the Municipality of Pavlos Melas was 98,870, the third most populated municipality of Thessaloniki. The Stavroupoli region includes the areas of:</p><br>
<p>The town is served by buses 27, 34 and 56.</p><br>
<p>The town hall is located at Karaoli & Dimitriou 1.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>George Papassavas (b. 1924) - painter</p><br>
<p>Sykies  is a suburb of the Thessaloniki Urban Area and was a former municipality in the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Neapoli-Sykies, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit population is 37,753 . Its land area is 7.982 km².</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sykies was built after settling of refugees from Asia Minor. The refugees were from Rodochori of Asia Minor and Pontus. The new residents built a new church that dedicated to patron saints from their origin places. In 1934 the municipality of Thessaloniki was divided in smallest administrative units, so Sykies became a separate community. In 1954 the community of Sykies changed to municipality. Today it is part of Neapoli-Sykies municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Sports</h3><br>
<p>Sykies is the seat of many clubs. The most famous of them is VAO, a long-standing club with achievements in several sports.</p><br>
<p>Calumet Park is a 198-acre  park in Chicago, Illinois. It provides access to Lake Michigan from the East Side neighborhood on the city&#39;s Southeast Side. The park contains approximately 0.9 miles  of lake frontage from 95th Street to 102nd Street. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Calumet Park is named after the Calumet River and the Calumet Region of southeast Chicago and northwestern Indiana drained by the river. Planning for Calumet Park began in 1904 with the initial acquisition of 40 acre of land. The Olmsted Brothers, a noted firm of urban landscape architects, drew up initial plans for landscaping the proposed new park; however, as a result of the swelling population of the East Side and a consensus that the original plans were inadequate, further land acquisitions were made, the Olmstead plans were revised, and facilities were built.</p><br>
<p>The original park opened in 1905, but was later enlarged; a fieldhouse was erected in 1924 at 98th Street and Avenue G. In the 1930s, Calumet Park attained its current size of 198 acre. There are lakefront beaches at 96th, 98th, and 99th Streets.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 2003. On October 4, 2006, the fieldhouse became a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>State line</h2><br>
<p>The junction of the Illinois-Indiana border with the shoreline of Lake Michigan stands close to the southern tip of Calumet Park. Only feet offshore from the park&#39;s beaches, the artificial line separating the jurisdictions of the two states continues northward into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Schunemunk Mountain  is the highest mountain in Orange County, New York. The 1,664 ft summit is located in the town of Blooming Grove, with other portions in Cornwall and Woodbury. The community of Mountain Lodge Park is built up its western slope.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is a popular recreational resource in the area. While only the northeastern quadrant and summit are part of the recently created Schunnemunk State Park, some popular hiking trails and access routes have long crossed the privately owned lands elsewhere on the mountain. Conservationists hope that eventually the state will be able to acquire the whole mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Schunemunk is a long ridge running approximately northeast-southwest between Smith&#39;s Clove and Salisbury Mills. Along the more northerly of its length, the mountain has a double crest, with Barton Swamp lying between the two ridges. The summit lies on the more southeasterly ridge. Barton Swamp is drained by Perry Creek on the south and Baby Brook on the north. Much of the eastern side of the mountain is drained by Dark Hollow Brook. These are part of the Moodna Creek watershed, which encompasses all but the southeastern tip of the mountain. Moodna Creek drains into the Hudson River. The southeastern part of the mountain drains into the watershed of the Ramapo River.</p><br>
<p>About midway along its length, on the southeastern side of the mountain, is a spur known as High Knob or High Point, which overlooks Woodbury, New York. To the northwest, across a clove, lies Woodcock Mountain or Woodcock Hill, which reaches 1,030 ft.</p><br>
<p>The New York State Thruway runs alongside Schunemunk&#39;s eastern side for the length of the mountain just north of its Harriman exit. In addition to Mountain Lodge Park, two other hamlets in the area are closely associated with the mountain: Mountainville to the northeast and Central Valley to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Due to its height and length, Schunemunk can be seen from much of the rest of Orange County and some other nearby areas.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Schunemunk is geologically dissimilar from nearby mountains in the Hudson Highlands, being formed from sedimentary deposits including conglomerate. Later faulting created the long cleft that is now Barton Swamp.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Schunemunk" means "excellent fireplace" in Lenape, and the Lenni Lenape had a village on the northern tip of the mountain. During the American Revolution, the mountain was often the site of skirmishing between Tory and Patriot irregulars.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is under increasing development pressure, but the northern part has become Schunnemunk State Park, and a small portion of the southern part forms Woodbury Park.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The Long Path ascends the mountain by way of High Knob, and crosses Perry Creek. When it reaches the Jessup and Highland trails it joins them to Gonzaga Park. The Highlands Trail makes use of several trails on the mountain, ascending the eastern side of the mountain along the Sweet Clover Trail, and following the more southeasterly ridge and crossing the summit by way of the Jessup Trail, which continues along the crest to the southwestern tip of the mountain, ending in Gonzaga Park. The Dark Hollow, Barton Swamp, Trestle, Western Ridge, and Otterkill trails are also located on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Fatality</h2><br>
<p>While Schunemunk, like many of the lesser mountains of the American East Coast, is relatively devoid of the usual mountaineering hazards, one fatality has occurred in the recent past. On May 22, 2002, a group of hikers was bushwhacking on a boulder slide on the southeastern side of the mountain, above Dark Hollow Brook. While ascending the slide, 76-year-old Nicholas Styranovski was struck in the head and killed when a boulder he was grasping became dislodged and fell down the mountainside. Two other hikers below were seriously injured when the boulder struck them.</p><br>
<p>Veľká Fatra  is a mountain range in the Western Carpathians in Slovakia. The Veľká Fatra lie to the southwest of the better known Malá  Fatra mountains and are less developed, as well as, contrary to the name, being lower.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In the geomorphological system, it is a part of the Fatra-Tatra Area. It is situated approximately among the towns of Ružomberok, Harmanec, Turčianske Teplice and Martin. The Turiec Basin and the Lesser Fatra mountains are situated to the north west of the range and the Low Tatras mountains are in the east. It can be divided into seven parts: Šípska Fatra, Šiprúň, Lysec, Hôľna Fatra, Revúcke podolie, Zvolen and Bralná Fatra.</p><br>
<p>The highest mountain is Ostredok at 1,596 m. Other notable summits of the largest Hôľna Fatra part are Krížna at 1,574.3 m and Ploská at 1,532.1 m, where the main ridge divides into two. The western Turiec Ridge (Turčiansky hrebeň) includes, for example, Borišov at 1,509.5 m, and the eastern Liptov Ridge (Liptovský hrebeň) includes, for example, Rakytov at 1,567.0 m. Bralná Fatra includes Tlstá at 1,373.3 m and Ostrá at 1,247.0 m summits. The Zvolen massif (1,402.5 m) connects the Veľká Fatra Range with the Low Tatra Range. One of the largest ski resorts in Slovakia - Skipark Ružomberok and Donovaly - lies beneath it. There are several other tourist and skiing resorts in the range.</p><br>
<p>A considerable part of the range is made of various Mesozoic rocks. The central part and the main ridge are made up of non-resistant rocks (slates) and the relief is softly modeled (Ploská, Ostredok). The southern and south-western part is formed by resistant limestone and dolomite with rocky walls and reefs. The ridges are usually separated by canyon-like valleys. The most important ones are Gader Valley (Gaderská dolina) and Blatnica Valley (Blatnická dolina). The longest valley is the Ľubochňa Valley (Ľubochnianska dolina) at 25 km. Numerous karst formations are located in this area and the Harmanec Cave is one of the best known caves in Slovakia.</p><br>
<h2>Scenery</h2><br>
<p>Nearly 90% of the area is covered by forests – beech and beech-fir forests, in some places replaced by spruce plantations and relics of pines. The area of Harmanec is the richest yew-tree site in Europe. The original natural upper borderline of forests was lowered during the Wallachian colonization. There are many extensive upland pastures, where cattle is raised in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Most of the area was protected by the Veľká Fatra Protected Landscape Area since 1973, and the most valuable parts are included in the Veľká Fatra National Park since 2002. The rest of the former protected landscape area serves as a buffer zone now.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Blatnický and Sklabinský castles are located in this area. Also, the traditional architecture of Vlkolínec (a UNESCO&#39;s World Heritage Site) and Liptovské Revúce and the Ľubochňa and Turčianske Teplice spas can be found here.</p><br>
<h2>Viewpoints</h2><br>
<p>Rakytov (1,567 m)</p><br>
<p>Krížna (1,574 m) - the best view of the southern mountains - Kremnické vrchy, Poľana, Vtáčnik</p><br>
<p>Tlstá (1,208 m) - view of Turiec basin</p><br>
<p>Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards, the hills diminish towards the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Low Fell and Fellbarrow stand remote from the end of the northern arm.</p><br>
<p>Loweswater is unique amongst the major lakes of the District in emptying towards the centre of the National Park. Its waters flow out eastwards into Crummock Water before beginning their northward journey as the Cocker. Loweswater does not therefore represent any watershed between the fells on either side of its valley, as might be supposed from a quick glance at the map. A low ridge circuiting the western end of the lake joins Burnbank Fell to Low Fell and Fellbarrow, confirming them as the last outpost of the Western Fells.</p><br>
<p>Low Fell and Fellbarrow form a ridge two miles long, with the somewhat contrarily named Low Fell being the higher. Alfred Wainwright in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells was forced to estimate the elevation of Low Fell and considered it (albeit doubtfully) to be inferior to Fellbarrow. New mapping by the Ordnance Survey has now settled the issue. The lowest col on the ridge occurs immediately south of Fellbarrow, and the intervening tops are therefore usually considered satellites of Low Fell. These lower summits, working southward, are Smithy Fell (1,296 ft) and Sourfoot Fell (1,350 ft).</p><br>
<p>The southern terminus of the ridge, looking down on Loweswater village, is rough on all sides, rising to a small neat top. This was considered the summit by Wainwright, although again he was unsure and ill-served by the maps of the time. Birkett refers to this 1,352 ft top as Loweswater Fell, although without any particular justification. North of this point is a slight depression before the smoother and more elongated true summit.</p><br>
<p>A subsidiary ridge breaks off south-west from Sourfoot Fell, crossing the slight hump of Loftbarrow before reaching Darling Fell (1,282 ft). This stands over the northern shore of Loweswater, about halfway up the lake. Between Darling Fell and Low Fell is the little valley of Crabtree Beck. In general, the western slopes of the Low Fell ridge are long and gentle, while some rock appears along the steeper eastern and southern flanks.</p><br>
<p>The western boundary of the fell proper lies at Leady Moss, the low point on the connecting ridge to Burnbank Fell. From here, the Dub Beck flows into Loweswater while the Black Beck flows north-west into the River Marron. The open fellside is circumscribed by a minor road which runs from the shore of Loweswater north to Mosser. In the east, the slopes fall quickly to the cultivated lands of the broad Vale of Lorton. Raven Crag below the summit and Watching Crag on Sourfoot Fell are the main features.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks beneath the summit are of the Loweswater Formation, composed of greywacke sandstone turbidities. Beneath this and occasionally outcropping on the eastern flanks are the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirk Stile Formation.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Wainwright described the view from the lower southern top, noting that two cairns lower down the southern face gave better vantage points for the Loweswater Valley. From either summit, there are views to Grasmoor, across the Lorton Vale and down the Buttermere valley in which you can see Crummock Water and Buttermere.</p><br>
<p>Both tops are marked by cairns; the true summit top being on a small outcrop amid short fell grass and large rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The gentlest way onto the ridge is from Thackthwaite in the Vale of Lorton. A footpath leads away from the settlement climbing to the intake wall. Beyond is a drove road, curving up the hillside to emerge at the top of Sourfoot Fell. The ridge from here is easy. An alternative start is from the Mosser road, climbing Darling Fell before joining the main ridge. Wainwright also suggests following Crabtree Beck for a direct ascent of Low Fell.</p><br>
<p>Llanthony Priory  is a partly ruined former Augustinian priory in the secluded Vale of Ewyas, a steep sided once glaciated valley within the Black Mountains area of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. It lies seven miles north of Abergavenny on an old road to Hay-on-Wye at Llanthony. The priory ruins lie to the west of the prominent Hatterall Ridge, a limb of the Black mountains. The main ruins are under the care of Cadw and entrance is free.</p><br>
<p>The priory is a Grade I listed building as of 1 September 1956. Within the precincts of the Priory are three other buildings with Grade I listed status: the Abbey Hotel, listed on 1 September 1956; St David&#39;s Church, listed on the same date, and Court Farm Barn, listed on 9 January in the same year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Foundation</h3><br>
<p>The priory dates back to around the year 1100, when Norman nobleman Walter de Lacy reputedly came upon a ruined chapel of St. David in this location, and was inspired to devote himself to solitary prayer and study. He was joined by Ersinius, a former Chaplain to Queen Matilda, the wife of King Henry I, and then a band of followers. A church was built on the site, dedicated to St John the Baptist, and consecrated in 1108. By 1118, a group of around 40 monks from England founded there a priory of Canons Regular, the first in Wales.</p><br>
<p>In 1135, after persistent attacks from the local Welsh population, the monks retreated to Gloucester where they founded a daughter cell, Llanthony Secunda. However, around 1186 another member of the de Lacy family, Hugh, the fifth baron, endowed the estate with funds from his Irish estates to rebuild the priory church, and this work was completed by 1217. There are also letters from Pope Clement III (CSM,i,p. 157–159), between 1185 and 1188, confirming further grants and gifts to the priory from Adam de Feypo and Geoffrey de Cusack in Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The Priory became one of the great medieval buildings in Wales, in a mixture of Norman and Gothic architectural styles. Renewed building took place around 1325, with a new gatehouse. On Palm Sunday, April 4, 1327, the deposed Edward II stayed at the Priory on his way from Kenilworth Castle to Berkeley Castle, where he is alleged to have been murdered.</p><br>
<h3>Dissolution</h3><br>
<p>Following Owain Glyndŵrs rebellion in the early 15th century, the Priory seems to have been barely functioning. In 1481 it was formally merged with its daughter cell in Gloucester, and after 1538 both houses were suppressed by Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries.</p><br>
<h3>The 18th and 19th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The buildings at Llanthony gradually decayed after the Dissolution to a ruin, although in the early 18th century the medieval infirmary was converted to the Church of St David. In 1799 the estate was bought by Colonel Sir Mark Wood, the owner of Piercefield House near Chepstow, who converted some of the buildings into a domestic house and shooting box. He then sold the estate in 1807 to the poet Walter Savage Landor.</p><br>
<p>Landor needed an Act of Parliament, passed in 1809, to be allowed to pull down some of Woods buildings and construct a house, which was never finished. He wanted to become a model country gentleman, planting trees, importing sheep from Spain, and improving the roads. There is still an avenue of trees in the area known as "Landors Larches" and many old chestnuts have been dated back to his time.</p><br>
<p>Landor described the idylls of country life, including the nightingales and glow-worms in the valley to his friend Robert Southey. However the idyll was not to last long as for the next three years Landor was worried by the combined vexation of neighbours and tenants, lawyers and lords-lieutenant and even the Bishop of St David&#39;s. Many of his troubles stemmed from petty squabbles, arising from his headstrong and impetuous nature. He wasted money trying to improve the land, and the condition of the poorer inhabitants. The final straw was when he let his farmland to one Charles Betham whom Landor viewed as incompetent and extravagant and who paid no rent. After an expensive action to recover the debts from Betham, Landor had had enough, and decided to leave the country, abandoning Llanthony to his creditors – principally his mother. The estate was administered in his absence by his mother and cousin, but many of the buildings continued to disintegrate thereafter.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The ruins have attracted artists over the years, including J. M. W. Turner who painted them from the opposite hillside. The priory was acquired by the Knight family in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Wood’s house later became the Abbey Hotel. The remaining ruins are protected by Cadw and entrance to the ruins is free.</p><br>
<h2>Footpaths</h2><br>
<p>The Offa&#39;s Dyke Path runs close by on the Hatterrall Ridge above the Llanthony Valley, and marks the Wales–England border here. There are numerous footpaths which run from the large car park at the priory up to the Hatterall ridge, and circular walks to the ridge and back are possible.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>Anne of Gloucester</p><br>
<p>Mahel de Hereford</p><br>
<p>Henry FitzMiles</p><br>
<p>Henry de Bohun</p><br>
<p>Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford</p><br>
<p>The Aga Khan Palace was built by Sultan Muhammed Shah Aga Khan III in Pune, India. Built in 1892, it is one of the biggest landmarks in Indian history. The palace was an act of charity by the Sultan who wanted to help the poor in the neighbouring areas of Pune, who were drastically hit by famine.</p><br>
<p>Aga Khan Palace is a majestic building and is considered to be one of the greatest marvels of India. In 2003, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) declared the place as a monument of national importance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the palace holds great significance. Mahatma Gandhi, his wife Kasturba Gandhi and his secretary Mahadev Desai were interned in the palace from 9 August 1942 to 6 May 1944, following the launch of Quit India Movement. Kasturba Gandhi and Mahadev Desai died during their captivity period in the palace and have their Samadhis located over there. Mahatma Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi have their memorials located in the same complex, near Mula river.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, Aga Khan Palace was donated to the Indian people by Aga Khan IV as a mark of respect to Gandhi and his philosophy. Today the palace houses a memorial on Gandhi where his ashes were kept. The then prime minister Indira Gandhi had visited the place in 1974 where she allotted a sum of every year, for its maintenance. The amount rose to till the 1990s, after which the national monument of India, was neglected for many years due to improper allocation of funds. There was a protest held at the statue of Mahatma Gandhi near Pune railway station in July 1999 to protest against the worsening condition of the monument.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Coordinates of the location: 18&deg;33&prime;8&Prime;N latitude, 73&deg;54&prime;8&Prime;E longitude. It is located at about 2 km away from Bund Garden in Yerwada, on Pune-Nagar Road.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Aga Khan palace has Italian arches and spacious lawns. The building comprises five halls. It covers an area of 19 acre, out of which 7 acre is the built up area. The palace captivates the eye of a spectator with its magnificence and picturesque architecture. It took 5 years and an estimated budget of to complete this Palace. The area of the ground floor is 1756 m, that of the first floor is 1080 m, whereas the second floor has a construction of 445 m. The speciality of this structure is its corridor of 2.5 meters around the entire building. Prince Karim Aga Khan donated this palace to Gandhi Smarak Samittee in 1972 and since then Parks and Gardens organisation is maintaining it.</p><br>
<p>The palace archives a number of photos and portraits depicting glimpses from the life of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation of India, and other personalities of the Indian freedom struggle.</p><br>
<p>This palace is also the headquarters of the Gandhi National Memorial Society. It also hosts a shop that deals in khaadi and other hand loomed textiles.</p><br>
<h2>Activities organised at the palace</h2><br>
<p>Gandhi Memorial society celebrates the following public functions at the palace:</p><br>
<p>Martyr&#39;s Day – 30 January.</p><br>
<p>Mahashivratri – Kasturbha Gandhis Death Day Celebrated As Mothers Day.</p><br>
<p>Independence Day – 15 August.</p><br>
<p>Republic Day – 26 January.</p><br>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi&#39;s Birth Anniversary – 2 October.</p><br>
<p>Other than yearly events, morning prayer sessions are held daily at the samadhi since decades. The prayer draws huge crowds everyday, and the number goes up threefold on 2 October as people visit the place to pay tribute to Mahatma Gandhi.</p><br>
<p>The Cordillera de Mérida is a series of mountain ranges, or massif, in northwestern Venezuela. The Cordillera de Mérida is a northeastern extension of the Andes Mountains and the most important branch of Venezuelan Andes. The ranges run southwest-northeast between the Venezuelan-Colombian border and the Venezuelan Coastal Ranges. The Táchira depression separates the Cordillera de Mérida from the Cordillera Oriental, which forms the Colombia-Venezuela border.</p><br>
<p>The ranges runs from southwest to northeast and parts lie within each of the following states: Táchira, Mérida, Barinas, Trujillo, Portuguesa and Lara. The southeastern slopes are drained by tributaries of the Orinoco River, while the streams that drain the northwestern slopes empty into Lake Maracaibo. At the northeast tip of the massif lies the town of Barquisimeto and the headwaters of the River Cojedes.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the massif is the city of Mérida. Two ranges of peaks lie on either side of the city, the Sierra de la Culata to the north and Sierra Nevada de Mérida to the south. Pico Bolívar, at 4,981 meters elevation (16,342 feet), is the highest peak in Venezuela.</p><br>
<p>Most of the ranges are covered by Venezuelan Andes montane forests, although the highest elevations (above 3,100 meters) are above tree line. These ranges are home to the Cordillera de Mérida páramo, an enclave of the páramo (tropical alpine grasslands) of the northern Andes. Protected areas in the massif include Sierra Nevada National Park and Sierra La Culata National Park.</p><br>
<p>Two glaciers are located in this mountain range, in which the snowy season is July-August. Snow typically covers the mountains above 4,200 meters, and sometimes above 3,800 meters.</p><br>
<p>Krestena  is a town and a community in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Andritsaina-Krestena, of which it is the seat of administration. Krestena is situated in the low hills between the river Alfeios and the Ionian Sea. It is 2 km southeast of Makrisia, 6 km south of Olympia, 12 km north of Zacharo and 18 km southeast of Pyrgos. In 2011, the population of the town was 1,864, and of the community, which includes the villages Poros and Moschoula, 2,356. The town has a kindergarten, schools, a lyceum, a gymnasium, a center of environmental training, two churches, restaurants, banks, a police station, a fire brigade, a medical center and a post office. Greek National Road 76  passes south of the town. The Samiko beach is located approximately 6 kilometers to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Epitalio  is a town and a community in the municipal unit of Volakas, Elis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pyrgos. Epitalio was the seat of the former municipality Volakas. Epitalio is situated at the foot of low hills, 4 km from the Ionian Sea and 2 km from the river Alfeios. It is 7 km southeast of Pyrgos, 12 km west of Olympia and 12 km northwest of Krestena. The Greek National Road 9  and the railway from Pyrgos to Kalamata run through Epitalio. The community consists of the town Epitalio and the beach village Paralia.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Epitalio was named after the ancient Elean city Epitalium. Epitalium, identified by Strabo as the Homeric Thryon or Thryoessa, was situated on a hill near the ford of the river Alpheus. Its strategic position on the road along the Ionian Sea coast made it an important military post. The ancient ruins lie north of the present town.</p><br>
<p>St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church is a medieval Spanish monastery cloister which was built in the town of Sacramenia in Segovia, Spain, in the 12th century but dismantled in the 20th century and shipped to New York City in the United States. It was eventually reassembled at 16711 West Dixie Highway, North Miami Beach, Florida, where it is now an Episcopal church and tourist attraction called Ancient Spanish Monastery. It is one of the oldest buildings in the Western Hemisphere.</p><br>
<h2>History from 1133–1925</h2><br>
<p>The Cistercian monastery was constructed during the years 1133–1141.</p><br>
<p>It was originally named "Monastery of Our Lady, Queen of the Angels", or the "Royal Monastery of Saint Mary" (Spanish: Santa María la Real), but it was renamed to honor Bernard of Clairvaux upon his canonization. Use of the building as a Cistercian monastery lasted for almost 700 years until it was seized and sold off to be used as a granary and a stable during a period of social unrest in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>It was located in an area known as Coto de San Bernardo (St. Bernard land preserve), two miles from Sacramenia in the province of Segovia (Spain). The Monasterio was in a mountain region at 830 m above sea level, on a high plateau near the Sierra de Guadarrama, the region is known for extreme weather.</p><br>
<p>The area has medieval churches, chapels, monasteries, walls, castles, within the natural landscape of the Duratón River Gorges.</p><br>
<p>The traditional access to the monastery was an ancient path with the masonry ruins of a watermill. The monastery was constructed with necessary defensive strength among a web of minor fortresses in an area heavily populated by Muslims.</p><br>
<p>The monastery was founded by Alfonso VII of Castile and León and built in the traditional style of Cistercian Romanesque architecture in Spain. Alfonso VII had introduced the Cistercians monasteries into Spain and after the monastery&#39;s completion, he settled in place Cistercian monks who had come from France. Alfonso VII, and afterward his grandson Alfonso VIII of Castile, extended privileges to the monastery several times in order to exempt rights of way tax for people and goods, and grant freedom of movement for their grazing flocks.</p><br>
<p>The Christian conquests and reconquests were followed by migrations of Muslims for religious reasons that could cause the depopulation of entire areas. Muslims had populated the surviving cities that had been founded during the Roman Empire and Visigothic civilization. The area of Segovia had a large Muslim population which resisted the Christian reconquest several times after attempts at cultural assimilation. The newly founded monasteries served, among other things, as centers of evangelization and colonization. Abundant irrigation systems, canals, ditches, and castles had already been constructed during the Muslim era.</p><br>
<p>The Muslim people established their cities on the banks of rivers, because their economy was based on agriculture, concentrating on the cultivation of irrigated land. Some areas of the Pyrenees had not been effectively occupied because of the high altitude, but the traffic of people and goods was controlled by establishing fortified steps at the entrance to the valleys.</p><br>
<p>Because of Muslim occupation, the nobles and Christian clergy had settled mostly in the north of present-day Spain, then small independent Christian kingdoms. There they began to organize churches and monasteries around which the Christian communities soon developed. Religious communities revived trade among other Iberian towns especially in wool and salt, also the cultivation of vines and raising of livestock.</p><br>
<p>Differences between newly arrived monks and earlier residents of the area caused altercations concerning the passage of merchant mule caravans, the exploitation of salt, water use in the region&#39;s villages, dominion over the towns, pastures, and tithes.</p><br>
<p>Some parts of the monastery were rebuilt after being destroyed by fire in 1641. The abbey remained an active monastic community until 1835. The monastery was closed about 1836-1840 during Isabella II of Spain&#39;s rule as a consequence of the Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal. The Desamortización caused the exclaustration of the place, brought monastic life to an end and the main church was privatized. Its Romanesque abbey church remains one of the monuments of Sacramenia.</p><br>
<h2>History 1925–64</h2><br>
<p>The historic monastery building is for the most part in the United States, that is, the cloister, the chapter house and the refectory of the monks. The rest of the monastic compound, that is, the church and other facilities such as Cilla (mullion) remain privately owned in Spain, in Sacramenia village, although the grounds can be visited on certain days. It was declared a Spanish national monument on June 3, 1931.</p><br>
<p>The monastery&#39;s cloister and its outbuildings were purchased by William Randolph Hearst in 1925. In order to be transported to the United States, the structures were carefully dismantled, each piece was numbered and packaged in wooden crates lined with hay. The total shipment comprised 11,000 crates. However, some of the information contained in this labeling process was lost when the shipment was quarantined in the USA because of a break-out of hoof and mouth disease in Segovia. During the quarantine, the crates were opened and the hay filling was burned as a measure to prevent the spread of the disease. During the repackaging, the contents of the crates were not replaced correctly. William Randolph Hearst was ultimately unable to pursue his plan of rebuilding the monastery at San Simeon because of financial difficulties. The dismantled buildings were stored in a warehouse in Brooklyn, New York until they were purchased in 1952 by Raymond Moss and William Edgemon, who eventually reassembled them on the site of a small plant nursery in northern Miami. There the religious buildings became a tourist attraction known as the Ancient Spanish Monastery.</p><br>
<p>Raymond Moss and William Edgemon took charge of the reconstruction of the historic building in 1964. They added other decorative pieces from different Spanish buildings to the original complex, such as the large round carved-stone coat of arms seen in the cloister. The coat of arms originally belonged to the House of Alburquerque and came from the monastery of San Francisco de Cuellar, also in the province of Segovia. The chapel was erected in the 15th century by Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, favorite of Henry IV of Castile and the first Duke of Alburquerque to be earmarked for the family vaults, which were also sold in the 20th century after the secularization of the monastery.</p><br>
<p>Reassembling the ancient monastic buildings took 19 months and cost almost 1.5 million dollars. Some of the original stones remained unused in the process.</p><br>
<h2>History 1964–date</h2><br>
<p>The property was purchased by Bishop Henry I. Louttit in 1964 for the Episcopal Diocese of South Florida, which was later split into the Dioceses of Central, Southeast and Southwest Florida. Eventually financial difficulties forced the three dioceses to sell the monastery, it was purchased by Colonel Robert Pentland, Jr., who gave it to the Episcopal parish of St. Bernard de Clairvaux. Three doors from the monastery are now in a private home in Atlanta, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>St bernard de clairvaux church entrance 2006.jpgEntrance to the cloisters.</p><br>
<p>St bernard de clairvaux church cloisters 2006.jpgView inside the cloisters.</p><br>
<p>St bernard de clairvaux church gardens 2006.jpgGardens surrounding the building.</p><br>
<p>Varda  is a town and a community in the municipal unit of Vouprasia, Elis, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality Vouprasia. The community Varda consists of the town Varda and the villages Kougaiika, Komi, Sympanio and Psari. Varda is situated in the plains near the Ionian Sea, and east of the Kotychi lagoon. It is 2 km southeast of Manolada, 3 km southwest of Nea Manolada, 14 km northeast of Lechaina and 40 km southwest of Patras. The railway from Patras to Pyrgos passes west of the town, and the Greek National Road 9  passes east of the town.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Komi</h2><br>
<p>The village Komi (Κώμη) is situated in a rural area at the foot of low hills, 2 km east of Varda town centre. Its population was 97 in 2011. Komi was one of the villages that was settled with Orthodox Christian Albanians after the Black Death (1347–1350) had devastated much of Elis&#39; population. The other villages were Basta, Kaloletsi and Milies. In the beginning of the 20th century, its inhabitants still spoke both Greek and Arvanitika.</p><br>
<h2>Psari</h2><br>
<p>The village Psari (Ψάρι meaning "fish") is situated at the foot of low hills, 2 km southeast of Varda town centre. Its population was 261 in 2011. Neapoli is 3 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>The West Side Market is the oldest operating indoor/outdoor market space in Cleveland, Ohio. It is located at the corner of West 25th Street and Lorain Avenue in the Ohio City neighborhood. On December 18, 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The market began operating in 1840, across the street from its current location. Josiah Barber and Richard Lord, prominent businessmen and both former mayors of Ohio City before it was incorporated into Cleveland, donated the tract of land to Ohio City&#39;s government, stipulating that the land be used for an open-air neighborhood market. The market space became a center of the Ohio City community for the following three decades, and other benefactors donated adjacent lands that allowed the marketplace to expand. In 1868, a one-story, wooden framed building was erected on the site, and the newly christened Pearl Street Market was opened.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to brisk population growth in Cleveland and Ohio City in the latter part of the 19th century, the market outgrew its space yet again. In 1902, lands were purchased across the street from the Pearl Market site, to allow for market expansion and eventual construction of additional indoor market space. Cleveland architectural firm Hubbell and Benes was contracted to create the new indoor space and, after nearly a decade of planning and construction, the current West Side Market building was finished in 1912 at a cost of nearly $680,000. The Neo-Classical/Byzantine building is a brick construct with a large interior concourse that provides nearly 100 stalls for sellers, and an 85-stall outdoor produce arcade that wraps around the side and rear of the main building. In addition, the building has a large clock tower, which was easily visible from most of Ohio City in the building&#39;s early days.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, the permanent building spurred sellers to establish the West Side Market Tenants&#39; Association, a coalition founded to help maintain the market and organize for future improvements and additions. This organization still exists at the Market today.</p><br>
<p>Periodic upgrades accommodated more tenants and maintained and improved the overall conditions. A fuller, $1.1 million modernization was undertaken in 1953 to add lower-level storage areas and upgrade stalls in the arcade. Another renovation, this one for $5 million, took place after the Market was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The market&#39;s profile rose in the latter portion of the 20th century. Politicians passing through Cleveland often stopped in to sample the array of foods that the Market has on sale on any given day. The Market also began sponsoring major food festivals in the neighborhood, which drew people from all corners of Cleveland and abroad. Despite the successes of the 1980s, however, the Market began to face financial straits as Cleveland itself was experiencing monetary struggles. A large portion of the Market’s subsidies from the city dried up, leaving tenants of the Market to pay higher rents to keep the Market open. Yet the Market expanded and was renovated throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>A 2004 project enclosed the arcade portion of the market, adding space heating there, and completed major interior and architectural renovations to the main building. The market&#39;s centennial was celebrated in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Most residents of the neighborhood, and many Clevelanders in general, still do a large portion of their shopping at the Market. The market is open to customers Mondays and Wednesdays from 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., Fridays and Saturdays from 7:00 a.m to 6:00 p.m., and Sundays from 12 p.m to 6:00 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The market attracts tourists from all parts of the United States, who tour the market and learn about its history. Guided tours are offered. Its national profile has been boosted in recent years by coverage on various programs produced by the Travel Channel and Food Network.</p><br>
<p>Many stalls have remained under individual family control for much of the life of the Market, in a few cases dating back to its 1912 opening. The market&#39;s tenants and sellers reflect the cultural diversity of the surrounding neighborhood and Cleveland as a whole. The current roster of tenants includes those of Irish, German, Slovene, Italian, Hungarian, Greek, Polish, Russian, and Middle Eastern descents, among others.</p><br>
<p>In the September 2010 issue of Food Network Magazine, the West Side Market was named Americas "Best Food Lovers Market."</p><br>
<p>On January 30, 2013, the market was temporarily closed after a fire left smoke and soot damage.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 city officials announced that starting April 3 of that year the market would add regular Sunday hours for the first time in its history.</p><br>
<p>Lake Dukan   is the largest lake in Iraqi Kurdistan. It is located close to the city of Ranya, and is a reservoir on the Little Zab created by the construction of the Dukan Dam. The Dukan Dam was built between 1954 and 1959 as a multi-purpose dam to provide water storage, irrigation and hydroelectricity. Prior to the flooding of Lake Dukan, the area has been subjected to archaeological research to investigate as many archaeological sites as possible. An archaeological survey in the Ranya Plain documented some 40 archaeological sites with evidence for occupation ranging from the sixth millennium BCE up to the present. Five of these sites were then excavated: Tell Bazmusian, ed-Dem, Kamarian, Qarashina and Tell Shemshara. The excavations at Tell Bazmusian revealed a temple dating to the second millennium BCE. At Tell Shemshara, an early-sixth millennium BCE village was excavated, as well as an early-second millennium BCE palace with a small archive of clay tablets. The inhabitants of some 50 villages in the flooded area, around 1,000–1,200 families, were resettled to the west of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The surface area of the lake is 270 km&sup2;. At normal operation, the capacity of the reservoir is 6.8 km3 while its maximum capacity is 8.3 km3. At that capacity, the surface elevation is 515 m above sea-level. In order to operate the power station, the surface elevation must be between 469 and. The drainage basin of the Dukan Dam is 11,700 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Point Danger is a headland, located at Coolangatta on the southern end of the Gold Coast on the east coast of Australia. Separated by Snapper Rocks and Rainbow Bay to the west, with Duranbah Beach and the Tweed River mouth to the south, present-day Point Danger has also indicated the border between New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, since 1863.</p><br>
<p>The point is the location of the Captain Cook memorial and lighthouse, the Centaur Memorial and Walk of Remembrance, the Marine Rescue NSW Point Danger station, and the southern end of the Gold Coast Oceanway.</p><br>
<p>The Centaur Memorial remembers the sinking of Australian Hospital Ship Centaur by a Japanese submarine on 14 May 1943. The Walk of Remembrance commemorates other ships lost to Japanese and German action during World War II and takes the form of plaques arranged in a semicircle around the lookout fence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain James Cook, upon encountering the eastern Australian coast and naming Rame Head (Victoria), then sailed up the coast to the famous Botany Bay. Continuing North from there, at about 5 pm on 16 May 1770 (log date) he encountered the reefs that run 3 nmi east from Fingal Head and Cook Island. To avoid these reefs, formed by a lava flow from Mount Warning, Cook was forced to change his course to the east. Cook&#39;s log indicates his ship was "about 5 miles from the land". However having to pull away to the east to avoid the reefs, that we now know only run 3 nmi to sea from Cook Island, would indicate Cook was much closer to the point he named Point Danger.</p><br>
<p>The next morning, (same log date 16 May) James Cook, although much further out to sea, recorded the location of the reefs and named the point off which the island and reefs lie - Point Danger. He wrote:</p><br>
<p>We now saw the breakers again they lay two Leagues from a point under which is a small Island, their situation may always be found by the peaked mountain before mentioned from them this mountain or hill, and on this account I have named Mount Warning it lies 7 or 8 Leagues inland the land is high and hilly about it, but it is conspicuous enough to be distinguished from everything else. The point off which these shoals lay I have named Point Danger.</p><br>
<p>These reefs are now named Danger Reefs and comprise Inner Reef, South Reef and Outer Reef.</p><br>
<p>There has been controversy over the naming of Point Danger for many years. It seems the controversy began as early as 1823, when government surveyor, John Oxley, set out in HMCS to explore Port Curtis, the site of Gladstone. Oxley explored Moreton Bay, which had been named by Captain Cook, and the Brisbane River, as well as exploring and naming the Tweed River. It was during this voyage that Oxley encountered what is now known as Fingal Head and reported it as being Point Danger, so named by Captain James Cook. Oxley&#39;s favourable report on the Brisbane River saw him return the following year and establish the colony of Brisbane under the direction of Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governor of New South Wales in 1824.</p><br>
<p>At some time in 1828 Henry John Rous, travelling north, charted the Tweed River, which he named the Clarence River, unaware that it had already been named the Tweed River by Oxley in 1823. Rous came up the eastern coastline and around the reef off the coast of the feature now known Fingal Head, and arrived at a place called Rainbow Bay, so named after his ship. It was there that Henry Rous has arguably caused all of the confusion. He named the, at the time, unnamed site of Point Danger as being that of Cook&#39;s Point Danger.</p><br>
<p>There was further confusion as to the location of Cooks Point Danger when in 1840 surveyor Robert Dixon was given the task of doing the first land survey of the area. Dixon’s role was to map the New South Wales and Queensland border. He was told to map the border from the west to Point Danger on the east coast. Dixon took the location of Cooks Point Danger as being that of the one identified by Rous in 1828 rather than the one identified by Oxley in 1823.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, on the 200th anniversary of Cooks naming of Point Danger and given that the location seemed to be correct, a memorial was placed at the current site and the New South Wales, Queensland and Federal governments combined to erect the Point Danger Captain Cook Memorial Lighthouse. However, in 1971, the following year, after much debate about the location of Cooks Point Danger and the Queensland-New South Wales border, the Geographical Names Board declared:</p><br>
<p>little doubt exists that the feature named Point Danger by Captain Cook was in actual fact the feature now known as Fingal Head. However, as the name has been known in its present position for over 130 years and having in mind the wording of the letters Patent of 6 June 1859, in which the position of the QLD-New South Wales border is linked with the position of Point Danger, the Board is not prepared to assign the name to any feature or position other than that to which it is currently located.</p><br>
<p>The misnaming obviously raised a significant constitutional issue. Yet despite this pronouncement, some 18 years later debate was still continuing. In November 1989 the Geographical Names Board approved a historical re-enactment of Cook&#39;s voyage. The research for the re-enactment led to Acting Chief Surveyor Ron Benjamin finding that:</p><br>
<p>From the re-enactment voyage, I now have no doubt that Captain Cooks, point of land under which lies a small island, was intended to be todays Fingal Head.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1998, following another review, the New South Wales Geographic Names Board, it was concluded, in part:</p><br>
<p>From an analysis of Cook’s Private Log, the Official Log of the ‘Endeavour’, Cook’s Journal and the journals of Cook’s Officers, and relating the analysis to modern nautical charts and maps of the area, it is suggested that the following conclusions be drawn:</p><br>
<p>5. It is the opinion of the Geographic Names Board Committee therefore that the present Point Danger is correctly designated.</p><br>
<p>The matter did not finish there however. Many were unhappy with a conclusion that appeared to be so at odds with the historical facts and agitation continued. Trevor Lipscombe, in closely tracking Cook’s voyage and ground-truthing the places he named, concluded in On Austral Shores (2005), that:</p><br>
<p>There can be little doubt that Fingal Head is Cook’s Point Danger</p><br>
<p>In 2007, at Ken Gold’s behest, Dr Nigel Erskine of the Australian National Maritime Museum reviewed the argument put forward by the Geographic Names Board.</p><br>
<p>As a result of Gold’s representations, and support from a number of authorities, Mr Chris Hartcher was able to rise and inform the Parliament of New South Wales on 9 April 2008:</p><br>
<p>that today the Geographical Names Board has considered Mr Golds efforts and announced that the official records for Point Danger and Fingal Head will be changed to reflect both the historical versions of the naming of Cooks Point Danger.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The lighthouse/Cook Memorial was finished in 1971. It is an unusual modern style lighthouse and was the first in the world to experiment with lasers to increase its beam. The experiment was unsuccessful and it returned to conventional electric lamps. It emits a double white flash every ten seconds at a focal plane height of 44.5 metres. However, there are no reefs off, or running East from this point. The light is operated by NSW Maritime.</p><br>
<p>The Casements is a mansion in Ormond Beach, Florida, USA, famous for being the winter residence of American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. It is currently owned by the city of Ormond Beach and is used as a cultural center and park. It is located on a barrier island within the city limits, overlooking the Halifax River, which is now part of the Florida Intracoastal Waterway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1914 for the Rev. Harwood Huntington of New Haven, Connecticut. It was named for the many casement windows incorporated into the design of the building, which helped keep the interior cool in spite of Florida&#39;s subtropical climate.</p><br>
<h3>The Rockefeller era</h3><br>
<p>Its most famous resident, John D. Rockefeller, purchased the home as his winter residence in 1918. Rockefeller was seventy-eight years old when he moved into the Casements. He became known in the area for his elaborate Christmas parties, his love of golf, and for handing out dimes to his neighbors or visitors. During a golf game with Harvey Firestone, the tire magnate made such a good shot that Rockefeller decided he deserved a dime and handed one to his somewhat embarrassed guest.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, Rockefeller was visited at The Casements by such luminaries as Edward, Prince of Wales, Henry Ford, and Will Rogers, who once quipped, "I’m glad you won (at golf) today, Mr. Rockefeller. The last time you lost, the price of gasoline went up!"</p><br>
<p>Guests at The Casements received a poem along with their new dime. This poem is believed to have been written by Rockefeller:</p><br>
<p>I was early taught to work as well as play; My life has been one long, happy holiday—Full of work and full of play—I dropped the worry on the way, And God was good to me every day.</p><br>
<p>It was in this home that Rockefeller eventually died in his sleep on the morning of May 23, 1937. The Rockefeller family sold The Casements in 1941.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Over the next 20 years, The Casements served as a girls&#39; preparatory school and a home for the elderly. In 1959 the property was purchased by the Hotel Ormond Corporation with plans for development, but those plans never materialized. In 1972, The Casements was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The next year, it was purchased by the city of Ormond Beach, which eventually restored it to serve as a cultural and community center.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 The Casements underwent a $1.1 million renovation project.</p><br>
<h2>The gardens</h2><br>
<p>The Casements gardens are an authentic restoration of a two-acre garden along the Halifax riverfront that belonged to John D. Rockefeller Sr. in the early 1900s. The gardens feature citrus trees, a grand promenade, streams and small bridges and a variety of seasonal flower displays during the year.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry is an unincorporated historic community in Stanislaus County, California, United States. Nestled in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, it is about 40 mi east of Modesto on the Stanislaus River. The Willms Ranch, a California Landmark near the town, was one of many filming locations for the television series Bonanza and Little House on the Prairie.</p><br>
<p>It is home to the Knights Ferry Bridge, the longest covered bridge west of the Mississippi at 330 ft in length. Today, it is home to a top-rated, and a museum about the history of the town and also about local wildlife. The town&#39;s ruins include a mill and a jail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When gold was discovered in California in 1849, Dr. William Knight rediscovered a place which he and John C. Fremont had previously found to be a favorable river crossing, and established a ferry boat there. Soon, the ferry boat prospered and Knight and Captain Vantine built a hotel and trading post near the crossing. On November 9, 1849, Knight was killed by a gunfight on the towns main street; he was buried in an unmarked grave. Knights family believed Dr. Knight was stabbed to death in his bed and was buried near the gate in the yard of John Dents house, which was Dr. Knights place at the time. The Dents immediately took possession of Bill Knights property at Knights Ferry following the murder.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry was also the county seat in 1862, as it replaced La Grange. It was soon succeeded by the new, prosperous railroad boomtown of Modesto in 1871.</p><br>
<p>After Knight&#39;s death, Vantine operated the ferry alone until he formed another collaboration with John and Lewis Dent. In 1852, Vantine sold his properties in the area to the Dents and moved elsewhere. A new townsite under the name of "Dentville" was laid out by John Dent. The inhabitants continued to call the town "Knights Ferry" and "Knights Crossing". In 1852, a toll bridge replaced the ferry. It was destroyed by the Great Flood of 1862. The new covered bridge was built at a higher level than the previous one, and it still stands today. The bridge was used for car traffic until it was closed to prevent damage in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of historic contributions that make up the Knights Ferry Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Schell House Built in 1856, it was built of sandstone for Abraham Schell, owner of the Rancho del Río Estanislao.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Dent House Built in 1851, it was owned by Lewis Dent, the brother-in-law of President Ulysses S. Grant, who visited Knights Ferry in 1852, when he was an army captain in Benicia and Eureka. It is the oldest home in the community.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry Community Church Built in 1890 to replace the previous structure constructed in 1860, the church conserved the original pews, altar and upper windows. The church still gives services by Pastor Bob Sadler.</p><br>
<p>General Store California&#39;s oldest operating general store was built in 1852 by Moulton and Drew as the second structure in the town. It was bought by George Valpey, who became a Wells Fargo agent in 1867.</p><br>
<p>Millers Hall Constructed in 1863 the building operated as a restaurant, pool and poker parlor on the ground floor, and a dance hall upstairs. It was restored in 1984 by the Knights Ferry History and Museum Associates and now is home to the post office, community library, Ice Cream Parlor and local made goods shop.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Located next to Knights Ferry is the Knights Ferry Recreation Area, managed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. This recreation area includes a "put in" location for Class I-II rafting trips on the Stanislaus River. Rafting most often occurs April through October. Water in the lower Stanislaus is discharged from the base of New Melones Dam, resulting in clear and cold water even in the warmest months of summer. The Army Corps of Engineers maintains recreational facilities along the Stanislaus River. Park Rangers caution rafters to exercise caution and use life vests, as the rapids below Knights Ferry can be challenging when the river is high. River Journey Adventures has been providing raft and kayak rentals since 1985 from their river store in downtown Knights Ferry.</p><br>
<p>The ZIP Code is 95361. The town is inside area code 209. Knights Ferry is part of the Modesto Metropolitan Statistical Area.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>In the California State Legislature, Knights Ferry is in, and in.</p><br>
<p>In the United States House of Representatives, Knights Ferry is in.</p><br>
<h2>Sister city</h2><br>
<p>San Jerónimo (Los Barbosa), Jalisco, Mexico</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Knights Ferry has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>Tazumal is a pre-Columbian Maya archeological site in Chalchuapa, El Salvador. Tazumal is an architectural complex within the larger area of the ancient Mesoamerican city of Chalchuapa, in western El Salvador. The Tazumal group is located in the southern portion of the Chalchuapa archaeological zone. Archaeologist Stanley Boggs excavated and restored the Tazumal complex during the 1940s and 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations indicate that Tazumal was inhabited from the Classic period through to the Postclassic and that the site had links as far afield as central Mexico, the northern Yucatán Peninsula and lower Central America. Metal artefacts from the complex date to the 8th century AD and are among the earliest metal artefacts reported from Mesoamerica.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Tazumal is situated within the municipality of Chalchuapa in the department of Santa Ana, within the Río Paz drainage basin. It is about 120 km from the contemporary Maya city of Kaminaljuyu. Tazumal is 4 km southwest of the small Late Classic site of Alumulunga.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chalchuapa was inhabited since the Preclassic period, when massive construction activity took place. Around the boundary between the end of the Late Preclassic and the start of the Early Classic, construction at Tazumal was interrupted by the eruption of the Ilopango volcano, some 75 km to the east of the city. This eruption caused a hiatus in construction activity at Tazumal that may have lasted several generations. Activity resumed during the Early to Middle Classic (c. AD 250-650) although the city never fully recovered to its Preclassic levels of activity. The Tazumal complex came closest to matching the enormous structures of the Preclassic period.</p><br>
<p>The principal structures of the Tazumal group date to the Classic period (c. AD 250-900) of Mesoamerican chronology. By the Late Classic (c. AD 600&ndash;900) Tazumal was an important ceremonial complex. Construction activity is evident from the Early Classic through to the Middle Classic (c. AD 400&ndash;600). At this time Tazumal had important links with the Maya city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala, which acted to extend the influence of the powerful central Mexican city of Teotihuacan into the Pacific coastal areas of Guatemala and El Salvador. During the Late Classic Tazumal had links with Copán in Honduras, as evidenced by architecture, sculpture and ceramics at Tazumal. The ceramic sequence at Tazumal continues uninterrupted from the Classic period through to approximately AD 1200. A number of Early Classic features indicate links with Chichen Itza, in the northern Yucatán Peninsula, or with Tula in central Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The population of Tazumal coexisted with the Nahua-speaking Pipils from the Classic through to the Early Postclassic until at least AD 1200. The Pipil influence may have been due to trade with neighbouring Pipil populations rather than a direct Pipil presence, judging by the level of evidence.</p><br>
<p>After 1200, Tazumal was largely abandoned, with occupation shifting westwards towards the centre of what is now the modern town of Chalchuapa. Chalchuapa was still occupied at the time of the Spanish conquest, at which time its inhabitants were Poqomam Maya. The Pokomam are believed to have been relatively late settlers in Chalchuapa, postdating the Pipil influence that lasted until 1200.</p><br>
<p>Between 1942 and 1944 Stanley Boggs excavated and restored structures B1-1 and B1-2. This restoration included coating the structures with modern cement, which Boggs judged to be sufficiently similar to their original appearance as to justify its use.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>All the buildings in the Tazumal complex face west. Green obsidian artefacts found at Tazumal indicate links with central Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>Structure B1-1</h3><br>
<p>Structure B1-1 is the principal structure in the Tazumal group and dominates the complex. The pyramid underwent various phases of construction through the Classic and Early Postclassic periods. The pyramid was surveyed in 2003&ndash;2004. A 30 m long platform runs north-south along the western facade of the pyramid and a platform of similar length runs east-west along the north side of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Structure B1-1 is believed to have developed from a central temple and platforms on each side in the cardinal directions, with the west platforms serving as the main approach.</p><br>
<h4>Temple of the Columns</h4><br>
<p>The western platform of Structure B1-1 supports a superstructure, which has been called the Temple of the Columns. Because of the westward orientation of all the structures at Tazumal, the Temple of the Columns standing on the west side of the main pyramid may have served as its main facade. This structure had square columns and two identically sized chambers, separated by a space with two columns. The northern chamber had an entrance on the east side, with a possible additional entrance on the south side.</p><br>
<h3>Structure B1-2</h3><br>
<p>Structure B1-2 dates to the Late Classic. It is a west-facing pyramid with three stepped levels standing upon a low basal platform. the pyramid measures 25 by and stands approximately 6.8 m tall. In October 2004 the south side of the pyramid collapsed; this is believed to have been caused by a combination of damage caused by the roots of nearby trees and water damage. The restoration of the pyramid with cement in the 1950s had converted the structure into a water trap, while cedar roots had penetrated the building to a height of 6 m causing significant cracking.</p><br>
<p>Structure B1-2 underwent four phases of construction. The earliest phase had a total height of 4.7 m; the lowest level measured 1.1 m high while the middle and upper levels both measured 1.8 m high. This first phase was completely covered by the second phase of construction, executed in three sub-phases (labelled 2A, 2B and 2C). This was built in a style very similar to that of the first phase, first with the extension of the lower two levels while still using the earlier top level; a new third level was added later, completely covering the previous version. The lower two levels were first raised to 1.5 m high; the middle level was then raised an additional 0.6 m and the upper level was increased to 2 m high. Finally, a fourth level was added to the pyramid, bringing its total height to 6.5 m. During the third phase of construction, the structure was increased from four to five levels. The levels varied in height between them, measuring 1.2 m, 1 m, 1.4 m, 0.7 m and 1.4 m respectively. The fourth and final construction phase was badly damaged by the collapse of the structure in 2004.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>Structure B1-3 and Structure B1-4 are the two structures that comprise the ballcourt. Test pits excavated during the first decade of the 21st century found the mortar floor of an I-shaped ballcourt.</p><br>
<p>Structure B1-8 is a circular platform dating to the Late Classic period.</p><br>
<h2>Sculpture</h2><br>
<p>Sculpture at the site dates as far back as the Preclassic period. Two Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic chacmool sculptures were recovered from Tazumal, as well as a jaguar effigy sculpture and an anthropomorphic sculpture depicting the central Mexican deity Xipe Totec. These artefacts are stylistically similar to artefacts from central Mexico and the northern Yucatán Peninsula. One of the crude chacmool sculptures is housed in the Museo Nacional de Antropología in San Salvador; the other is in private ownership.</p><br>
<h2>Metal artefacts</h2><br>
<p>Three gold ornaments have been excavated from Tazumal. They were created using the lost wax method and have been tentatively dated to the 8th century AD; their presence indicates contacts with lower Central America. These, together with some contemporary metal artefacts from Copán, are among the earliest reported metal artefacts from Mesoamerica. These items were recovered from a Late Classic tomb and at least one item was a traded artefact from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>According to anecdotal evidence from workers who excavated the area of the presumed eastern platform of B1-1, many burials were found in that area. However, these were not mentioned by Boggs in any of his excavation reports.</p><br>
<p>Burial 1 was found interred 20 cm under the ledge joining the first and second levels of Pyramid B1-2. The burial consisted of a lower jaw and the remains of several other bones, accompanied by ceramic fragments and some obsidian artefacts. The dispersed remains indicate that Burial 1 was a secondary burial, possibly that of a human sacrifice associated with the dedication of the final phase of the pyramid. The teeth indicate that the remains were those of a young adult; the associated ceramics date the burial to the Terminal Classic or Early Postclassic.</p><br>
<p>Burial 2 was found under the western facade of Structure B1-2. Its dating is uncertain but it is believed to be associated with the final phase of construction and contemporaneous with Burial 1. The burial consisted of many bone fragments, including skull, longbones, ribs, jaw and vertebrae. The teeth indicate that the remains were those of a child. The remains were accompanied by ceramic pieces and some ashes. The ashes were subjected to radiocarbon dating, which indicated a date in the Late Classic to Early Postclassic, between AD 770 and 1000.</p><br>
<p>The Renaissance Providence Hotel  — is one of two monumental buildings in central Providence, Rhode Island, USA, that remained unfinished and were then abandoned for decades. Originally intended as a meeting hall for the Freemasons, construction work began in 1927, but was halted in 1929 as a result of the financial crisis of that year. With the outbreak of World War II, construction was halted permanently. It was added  to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, along with the adjacent Veterans Memorial Auditorium.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building, constructed in the Greek Revival style, is located prominently on Francis Street opposite the Rhode Island State House. The opening of the Providence Place Mall next door across Hayes Street has made the site prime real estate. In 2004, the building was purchased by Sage Hospitality Resources, which converted it into a luxury hotel, which opened in June 2007.</p><br>
<p>The adjoining building known as the Veterans Memorial Auditorium (VMA), located between the hotel and Interstate 95, was originally part of the same complex, and was connected to the unfinished Masonic Temple by a small structure at ground level. While construction halted at the same time as that at the Temple building, the auditorium was completed in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, the Renaissance Providence Hotel received widespread attention for its working conditions following worker attempts at unionizing and a viral YouTube video of a worker quitting in protest with a marching band. Workers at the hotel — a large number of whom are of Dominican origin — called for a boycott of the hotel. The Procaccianti Group of Cranston, Rhode Island, which bought the hotel in late 2012, denied any wrongdoing and called the boycott "misguided". The labor dispute continued after Omni Hotels, of Dallas, Texas, bought the property in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Charity Island, sometimes called Big Charity Island, is the largest island in Saginaw Bay, in the Michigan waters of Lake Huron. The island is 222 acre in area and has about 3 miles  of shoreline. It is part of Whitney Township, in Arenac County.</p><br>
<p>The island was named by lake mariners for its location, placed through the charity of God at the entrance to Saginaw Bay midway between the city of Au Gres, Michigan and "The Thumb".</p><br>
<p>The island was offered for sale in 1987 for $750,000. In 1993 it was purchased by Standish real estate broker Robert Wiltse and other investors with plans consisting of 24 large houses. After accepting 15 deposits and blasting a harbor, Wiltse changed his mind about the development. In 1997 he sold more than 80% of the island to the USA Fish and Wildlife Service as an addition to the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) system, and a few acres to The Nature Conservancy (who also bought the lighthouse from the government).</p><br>
<p>The island is largely forested, mainly with mixed hardwoods. The humid ecoclimate is friendly to a diverse herbarium, including some rare plant species. "Its isolated beaches and unique hardwood forest provides excellent habitat for a variety of plants and animals. Many rare and protected species of plants grow on the Island including Pitcher&#39;s thistle, acres of Trillium, Jack in the Pulpit, and Pink Lady Slippers."</p><br>
<p>The island is best known among mariners for its former lighthouse. Charity Island Light was constructed in 1857. It operated in 1857-1930 and was then replaced by the Gravelly Shoal Light. The lighthouse complex stands on a land parcel within the island that was not added to the MINWR.</p><br>
<p>Native Americans named the Charity Islands. They believed these islands were placed there by their Gitchi Manitou to provide safe shelter for all, Indians and French voyageurs alike. However, the islands weren&#39;t known as the Charity Islands until after 1845. Maps before 1800 show the islands unnamed. According to a 1839 map, Big Charity Island was referred to as Shawangunk, while Little Charity Island was known as Ile de Traverse.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the island contains pockets of chert that are believed to have been quarried by Native Americans. Offshore, the gravel reefs to the south creates a shallow-water channel separating Charity Island from its smaller neighbor, Little Charity Island. The area between the two islands is a favorite spot for fishing. On the northeast end of the island, a small bay is lined with limestone bedrock, offering good holding ground as a place to anchor during storms. The harbor of refuge is accessible by small boat, though access is controlled by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>The island also contains an 11-acre (0.04 km²) pond, literally a lake within a lake, fed by springs.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the island (and even dinner cruises) are available. They include the privately owned, rebuilt Charity Island Lightlightkeeper&#39;s house and a passing view of Gravelly Shoal Light. They are available from a ferry company in Au Gres, Michigan on the mainland, south of Tawas.</p><br>
<p>Thendara is a hamlet and census-designated place  in Herkimer County, New York, United States. Thendara is located in the Adirondack Park, in the northern part of the Town of Webb, west of Old Forge on Route 28.</p><br>
<p>Thendara is a station on the Adirondack Scenic Railroad; it is the current terminus of all northbound trains from Utica. It was formerly known as Fulton Chain, and was the junction of the Fulton Chain Railway with the Mohawk and Malone Railway (the latter now used by the scenic railroad). The New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The Thendara Historic District was listed in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Thendara was the site of early efforts to settle the Town of Webb in 1811, but the effort failed.</p><br>
<p>Thendara is also the name of the main city on the planet Darkover in the famous series of science fiction novels by Marion Zimmer Bradley. Bradley was raised in upstate New York and likely visited the Adirondacks hamlet in her youth.</p><br>
<p>Thendara Station NYC Railroad Jan 12.jpgThendara Station, January 2012</p><br>
